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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
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very common in women and children
- can lead to serious health consequences including: preterm delivery, low birth wieght, fetal death, adn decresed resistance to infection Cribra orbitalia and porotic hypertosis ( thinning and increased porosity of cranium) are examples of effects of IDA |
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Disruption in growth
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- look at length and circumference of long bones (good indicator of nutrition)
- linear enamal hypoplasias (LEH): lines that form on teeth due to severe disruption during development (disease/famine) - harris Lines "arrest lines" bands of interupted growth due to disruption during long bone growth. can be used to estimate age when occured, can dissapear, and are only visablethrough cross section or radiograph |
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Juvenile period
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-age 7 to puberty
- independant from mothers nutrition but sexually immature -increased cognitive abilities (increased understanding of abstract ideas, recognize cause-and-effect relationships, concrete operational stage) - slowest rate of growth since birth growth slow and predictable (and slows even more right before adolescent growth spurt) |
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Adolescent period
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-sharp acceleration in growth
-the beginning of sexual and social maturation -begins with puberty |
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Puberty
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- to grow hairy
-onset of adult reproductive capacity activation of the Hypothalamic-pituary gland which stimulate sexual development and function. -primary sexual characteristics: inward maturity i.e. ovaries, testes, penis maturing -secondary characteristics: outward signs i.e. breast development, pubic and armpit hair -causes: hypothalamus release of gonadotropin( GnRH) along with help from pituary gland that triggers luteinizing hormone ( LH) and follicile- stimulating hormne -----directed toward gonads, also the contribution from pituary gland (GH) growth hormone that regulate growth of body and metabolism |
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Puberty in Males
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-LH stimulates production of testosterone in testes
- FSH begins formation of sperm - usually 10.5-14.5 years old - starts with testes enlarging followed by growth in stature and secondary sex xharacteristics |
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Puberty in Females
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LH and FSH involved in estradiol production and development(notformation) of oocyte
-menarche -12.5-13 years -increased fat storage and hip widening |
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Adulthood
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Defined by attainment of full reproductive maturity
–Biological & Social Dimensions –Girls: Menstruation & viable eggs (ability to conceive) PLUS maintaining pregnancy to term & raising offspring to adulthood •Typical girl in US not fertile until ~14 years old •Energy/nutrient competition & pelvic dimensions –Boys: Viable Sperm (~13.5-14.5 years old) but not fully developed in other respects (physical, physiological, psychologically, etc.) •Cross-culturally, very few boys successfully father children until they are in their 20s •Attainment of adult stature as indicator –~18-21 to >25 years old •US: ~18-21 years old •Close to lower limit; can be >25 years old –Epiphyseal fusion of long bones, triggered by gonadal hormones |
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Chromosome
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dense, coiled and bound structures of DNA and protein that contain our genes
-each human has 46 chromosomes(23 from mother and 23 from father) autosomes: all chroms except sex cells sex cells:x or y |
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Mitosis Vs. Meiosis
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Mitosis: celldevision of body cells. creates identical two cells.
meiosis: cell devisionof sex cells, genetic variation occures thorugh the reshuffling of genetic material |
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Errors in cell devision
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Monosomy: missing on chromasome from a pair
trisomy: an extra chromosome in a pair also mutations can occur on chromosomes Mutation: is a permenant change in DNA sequence that makes up a gene. these can be inherited and aquired through environment ( inhertiance, maternal age, environment) |
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Turner syndrome
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only one copy of sex chromosome ( only x)
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Klinefelter syndrome
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extra copy of sex cells ( xxy)
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Down syndrome
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extra copy of 21st chromosome
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edward syndrome
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extra copy of 18th chromosome
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cognitive and lang. development in childhood
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- major shift in language use between 2-6 years
cognitive functioning: -preconceptual period( 2-4.5) egocentrism still present and difficulty distinguishing different realities however thinking not linked to physical stimuli -transitionalperiod(5-7) better seperation of personal experience, understanding multiple points of view, beginnings of rational thinkers |
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Obstetric dilemma
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mismatch between big brained infants and small maternal bipedal pelvises
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obligate midwifery
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assisted childbirth required in humans
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apgar score
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test of new borns physical condition at 1 min and 5min
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gestational age ranges
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preterm(>37)
term (37-42) posterm(>42) |
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low birth wieght
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small for gestational age
vs. preterm delivery -causes: developmental problems malnutrition of mother environment(smoking, drinking) |
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Neonatal period
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extremlly dangerous transition period
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infancy
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period from Birth to 2-3 years
•Breastfeeding –Infant nurses and mother lactates •Eruption of Deciduous Teeth –None present at birth, all present by weaning (2[I]-1[C]-2[M] dental formula) –First tooth erupts at 6-8 months (often lower central incisors) •Motor skills develop rapidly as skeletal, muscular & nervous systems rapidly grow –7 mos. sit w/o support –8 mos. crawl –12 mos. walk w/ support •Brain growth is especially rapid –Rapid growth of early infancy starts to slow down by late infancy |
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development patterns
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cephalocaudal: head grows more than body
proximodistal: from the center of the body outwards-trunk growth before arm growth |
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skull development
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fontanelles-soft spots, allow passage of skull through birth canal(molding), and allows brain growth through infancy. fuse during first 2 years
-craniosynostosis: premature closing of fontanelles --> malformed cranium, brain pressure |
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infant brain development
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-no new neurons after birth
-synaptogenises (connection) an overproduction of synapses (exuberance) however pruning occurs and what is not used is lost -myelination:coating of nerves with fat, prevents cross talk between nerves and speed up signal transmission |
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colostrum
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Clear, yellowish fluid produced in first few days after birth
•High in protein, low in fat and sugar •Rich in immune factors •Helps establish normal bacterial gut flora •Growth factors for final gut maturation |
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hormonal control of lactation
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prolactin: involved with the production of milk
oxytocin: involved in "letting down" milk |
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approaching labor
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false labor: contractions up to several weeks before birth
lightening:the babies head moving low in the uterus and the softening go the cervix( -2 weeks before) bloody show: labor is hours or days away, mucus plugging cervix opens |
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stages of labor
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-dilation and efacement of cervix
-pushing and birth -expulsion of the placenta |
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birth timing
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Birth timing appears to be closely tied to fetal nutrition
•Typically, ~36 weeks weight gain peaks and then rapidly slows –At 40 weeks, rate of growth nears zero –At 44 weeks, negative •Birth appears to occur when fetus begins to starve—i.e., metabolic requirements of the fetus are greater than mother‘s ability to meet them (tends to occur at ~40 weeks) |
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NVP
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NVP has been suggested to protect mothers and developing embryos from dietary mutagens and pathogens that could cause malformations or spontaneous abortion
–NVP coincides with the most vulnerable period of embryogenesis (i.e., organogenesis) –Food aversions, nausea, & vomiting protect embryo from maternal ingestion of foods with naturally occurring harmful effects •Alcohol, caffeinated beverages, certain vegetables •But also meat & eggs –Women with NVP avoid foods that emit cues (odors) associated with toxicity –Some populations experience virtually no NVP •Those where maize/corn are dietary staples –Mothers with NVP experience fewer early pregnancy losses, miscarriages, stillbirths, preterm deliveries, and LBW infants than mothers without |
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Life History Theory
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posits that the schedule and duration of key events in an organism's lifetime are shaped by natural selection to produce the largest possible number of surviving offspring. These events, notably juvenile development, age of sexual maturity, first reproduction, number of offspring and level of parental investment, senescence and death, depend on the physical and ecological environment of the organism
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Leonardo da vinci
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anatomical studies, vitruvian man
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bergmuller
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anthropometria: artistic rules for drawing faces and proportions
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George Leclarc de Buffon
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initiated first longitudinal growth study
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Karl Ernst Von Baer
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founder of embryology, and identification of germ layers : endoderm,mesoderm,ectoderm
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Franz Boas
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father of american anthro. coined term tempof growth. developed first american growth standards
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Francis Galtion
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coined term eugenics: improvement of human species through breeding.
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Ernst Haeckl
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ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
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Stephen Jay Gould
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ontogeny as an evolutionary traitacted upon by natural selection. stresses importance of heterchrony in evolutionary change
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Ontogeny
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the way in which an organism becomes mature
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