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71 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is communication? 3 things.

1. The cooperative transfer of information from a signaler to a receiver


2.Can be among conspecifics(same species) or between heterospecifics (different species).


3.Can be between same sex or opposite sex

Purpose of communication for males of polygynous species? 6 total

1. Attract a mate! (as many as possible)


2. Indicate species and sex


3. Indicate location


4. Indicate territory quality


5. Indicate size


6. Assess competitors

purpose of communication For females of polygynous species? 3 total

1. Locate a mate


2. Evaluate mate


3. Indicate reproductive status

what are the differences in communication roles between sexes? 2 total

1. Females are usually receivers, little signaling


2. Males do most of the signaling, some receiving, too

What are the components of communication?

1. Signal


2. transmission medium


3. receiving sensory structure


4. Perception and integration of signal

What is SIGNAL in communication?
Original strength of signal affects rate of reception
What is TRANSMISSION MEDIUM in communication?
Interference of transmission medium may degrade signal, oftentimes rapidly
What is RECEIVING SENSORY STRUCTURE in communication?
Signal reception is limited by finite receiver sensitivity

What is PERCEPTION and INTEGRATION of communication?
What the receiving individual decides to do about the perceived signal, e.g., ignore, respond, etc
What are the 4 costs and constraints of communication?

1. Signal broadcasting can be energetically expensive


2. Broadcasting a signal of sufficient magnitude may be difficult with a small body size


3. Environmental noise


4. Messages can always be intercepted

What are ways to increase signal reception? (7)

1. Broadcast signal when/where less interference: Visual signals in clearings, Acoustic signals in quiet times


2. Change the signal: use chemical rather than visual cues in murky water


3. Change the transmission medium


4. Increase size of signal: bigger/loudr


5. Increase signal/background contrast:If visual: brighter or more vivid colors. If auditory: make signaling frequency different from background frequency


6. Movement: wave it around


7. Repitition

What is the evolution of communication? (4)

1. Communication is intimately tied to sensory modes: evolution of communication is in lockstep with evolution of sensory systems


2. Females are often extremely selective of signals.


3. Evolution of signal complexity coevolves with receiver’s ability to recognize such complexity


4. High selective force for modes of communication that are undetected by predators.

Different modes of communication?

Visual


Acoustic


Chemical


Tactile


Multimodal



Visual mode characteristics and common among what?

-Moderate to close range


–Typically most useful during the day


–Easily obstructed, need line‐of‐sight for effective transmission


–Location of source is easy

Found among all herps except caecilians


Acoustic communication characteristics and common among what?

–Short to long range (often used in long range)–Day or night (often used at night)


–Subject to noise interference from biotic or abiotic sources


–Location of source relatively straightforward, even with line‐of‐sight obstructions


Most common among frogs, crocs and geckos

Chemical communication characteristics and common among what?

–Short to long range


–Day or night


–Can be difficult to locate source


–Cannot be readily modified, makes complex signaling difficult


Common among salamanders, squamates, especially snakes, caecilians, and turtles

Tactile (touch) communication characteristics and common among what ?

–Where one individual touches, rubs, presses, bites, or hits a body part against another individual.


–Extremely short range


–Day or night


–Can be very complex


–Particularly used in courtship and combat


Common among all HERP TAXA

What communication mode do salamanders use and how is each one used?

Chemical: Pheromones emitted from head, cloaca, skin, females judge quality of feces,


Tactile: Males may rake/puncture skin of female with teeth to introduce pheromones into bloodstream


Visual: NA

What communication mode do frogs use and how is each one used?

Auditory: calling, passing air over vocal cords, Vocal sac vibrates and doesn't typically open during vocalization.


Visual: broadcasted diurnally, sometimes nocturnally, used in areas where acoustic interference is great, Color of a frog may indicate sex and/or sexual maturity, flagging


Chemicals: most common in larvae

Vocal sac = what?
resonating chamber
Types of frog calls? (5)

1. Advertisement (most complex)


2. Aggressive encounter


3. Reciprocation (rare)


4. Release (accidental)


5. Distress (grasped by predator)

Flagging is often used with acoustic communication as well? T or F


True
Lizards communication modes?

Visual: Iguanians use mostly visual cues, Coloration of dewlap, head, and side/belly patches are common visual cues among lizards, color‐changing,


Chemical: well‐developed forked tongue rely heavily on chemical cues, Males of many taxa have femoral glands (used for marking territory)


Tactile: NA


Auditory: in geckos (only lizards with vocal cords)

In lizards, colors are combined with displays including what? (5)



1. Head bobbing


2. Dewlap extensions


3. Push‐ups


4. Gaping


5. Body inflation

Snakes communication modes are what?

Chemical: well‐developed vomerolfaction to detect conspecifics


Tactile: Main form of communication, wrestling behavior,

Turtles modes of communication are what?

Visual: Complex courtshipmale


Tactile: courtship male‐ male combat, head bobbing, ramming, and biting


Chemical: Males may have chin glands with pheromones

Crocodylians mode of communication?

Auditory: Most vocal of all reptiles, mothers and babies may chirp at each other


Visual: Displays include head bobbing, ramming, and biting

Tactile: Courtship may include blowing bubbles, head and snout rubbing


Crocodiles are noticeably known for combining multiple signal modes into complex displays. T or F
True
Only males can bellow. T or F
False, both male and females can bellow
Choruses often initiated by males, but perpetuated by females (duration and frequency = longer in males) T or F
False Choruses often initiated by females, but perpetuated by males (duration and frequency = longer in males)
What does the infrasonic portion of bellow cause?
Causes water to dance
What range are snakes sensitive to?
3000‐5000nm
How sensitive are pit vipers to temperature change?
0.003c
Snakes have a difficult time striking prey with IR cues. T or F
False, they are extremely successful when striking on IR cues alone.

When are thermal cues most helpful?
When thermal contrast between prey and background is highest (warm prey on cool background):
Are thermal cues better at close range or long distance?
Close range

Can snakes use IR when it is freezing out?
no, Snakes body needs to be warm enough to function
What type of environment is best to use IR for snakes?

Temperate zones (dusk or dawn)


Tropics (night, dusk or dawn)

What are the 3 types of chemoreception?

1. Olfaction (smell)


2. Vomerolfaction (using volmeronasal gland)


3. Gustation (taste)

Olfaction is for what type of chemicals?
airborne
How far is olfaction used?
Long range
Tongue flicking is a type of olfaction. t or F
True

Vomerolfaction can be for ______________chemicals or ___________________ chemicals
airborne; substrate borne

Vomerolfaction is particularly sensitive to what?
high molecular weight compounds
vomerolfaction can be sensed by what?
Intra‐or interspecific: e.g., some fossorial snakes can raid ant nests by following ants’ chemical trail.
HOw is the vomeronasal organ accessed?
Through the nostrils or the oral cavity.
Explain how the "forked tongue" sense works?
In herps with forked tongues, the slight difference in concentration of particles brought in on each side of the tongue indicates the direction of the source of the odorants.

What taxa have a strong presence of vemoronasal organ?
Squamates and snakes

What taxa have a weak presence of vemoronasal organ?
crocodylians and turtles

Lungless salamanders possess the unique nasolabial grooves. t or F
True
Where do the grooves extend on a salamander
upper lip to the nostrils
How do salamanders smell?
Odor molecules move along th b ill the groove by capillary action through the nostrils to the vomeronasal organ
males never have an enlarged nasiolabia grooves. T or F
False, they can become enlarged
Caecilians uniquely have the _____________ __________ that interfaces with the vomeronasal organ
sensory tentacle
what is the caecillians tentacle combined with? and what is it? .

Nasal and orbital tissues


a tube that protrudes from between the nostril and the eye

Can a caecilians tentical be retracted into a sheath?


Yes
What is the final discriminator with chemoreception?
Gustation (taste)
In squamates, what taxa has an abundant taste buds and what ones do not?
Fleshy tongued taxa have a more abundant taste buds. Heavily Keratinized taxa have smaller amounts of taste buds.
Most frogs possess what for hearing?
tympana (ear drums)

Salamanders and caecilians lack tympana, but still possess an _____ _______.
inner ear
what have visible outer ears?
lizards and crocs

What types of ears do snakes possess?
No outer hear, just an inner ear
How can taxa detect sound if they do not possess tympanum?
low‐frequency vibrations can be transmitted via the skeleton tothe inner ear
What is tactile?
mechanoreceptors on the skin
Amphisbaenians and caecilians likely use mechanoreceptors in the skin for detecting substrate‐borne vibrations. t or F
True
where are mechanoreceptors found on crocs?
in pits on face and jaws
what animals use a lingual lure?
alligator snapping turtles

Mechanoreceptors in lateral line system consist of small sets of _________(hair‐like cellular projections.
cilia
Cilia in the lateral line system bend how?
One direction
What does the bending of cilia convey?
Information regarding subtle changes in water flow
Magnetoreception is found in what taxa?
newts, alligators, and sea turtles.