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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How long can each of the following last without proper oxygenation -skeletal muscle -brain -lungs -kidney |
Skeletal muscle (2-3 hours) Brain (4-6 min) Lungs (15-20 min) Kidney (>45 min) |
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What % of fluid loss will the body tolerate |
20% or more than 2 pints for an average adult |
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What factors effect bleeding control |
-meds -injury too severe prevents clot -disease's that may effect clotting -dressing helps clot -pt. Moving around prevents clot |
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What is epistaxis and how to treat it |
-Nose bleed Tx: -Do not pack -apply pressure to the bridge -lean forward -tell pt. Not to swallow -ice on forehead -HALO test if trauma |
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Tx of external bleeding |
-Direct pressure -if this does not work than use tourniquet |
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Early S/S of internal bleeding |
-abdominal distenstion -rigidity -pain -tenderness -swelling -contusions(bruises) -rebound tenderness -melena (black, foul smell, tarry stool containing digested blood) -hematemesis(blood in vomit) -hemoptysis(spit out blood) -hematuria(blood in urine) |
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Late s/s of internal bleeding |
Same as hypovolemic shock -tachycardic -weakness,fainting or dizziness -thirst -nausea/vomiting -cold, moist(clammy) skin -shallow rapid breathing -dull eyes -slightly dilated pupils, slow to react to light -delayed cap refill -weak,rapid thready pulse -decreased bp -aloc |
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How much blood does the typical adult contain |
Adult(70mL per kg of body wieght) Female(65mL per kg of body wieght) |
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Common causes of non-traumatic internal bleeding |
-bleeding ulcer -bleeding from colon -ruptured ectopic pregnancy -aneurysim -bleeding from dialysis shunt -G.I bleeding |
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Tx. Of internal bleeding |
Treat like shock -body temp. Regulation (blanket) -O2 administration -position in supine or trendleburg -rapid transport or ALS intercept -vitals every 5 min -if pt. Has hematemisis or hemoptysis then make sure the airway is clear |
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What is rebound tenderness |
-happens when you palpate abdomen and while lifting up/relieving pressure pt. Expresses pain -indicates peritinitis (irritation of abdominal wall/lining -this is a s/s of internal bleeding |
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What is hematuria |
-blood in urine |
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What is melena |
Black/tarry/smelly stool containing digested blood |
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Tx of skull fracture |
-be sure to give little to no pressure -lightly wrap sterile gauze around head -try to obtain EBL (estimated blood loss) |
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What is" coffee ground" emesis |
-indicated G.I bleeding |
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Abdominal pain Tx and questions to ask |
-OPQRST -last bowel movement -history of bleeding -meds(blood thinners) or not taking prescribed meds -high flow O2 -position of comfort -EBL -pt. Weight (kg) |
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Basic soft tissue injuries that lead to death is due to |
-infection |
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What is the largest organ and its function |
-skin -protects from environment(infection/pathogens) -regulates body tempurature |
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Tx for soft tissue trauma with exposed nerve endings/blood vessels |
-irrigate -wet sterile dressing |
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Describe the layers of skin |
-outer layer: epidermis (tough external layer, watertight) -inner layer(contains hair folicules, sweat glands, sebaceous glands(oil) |
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Define a closed injury |
-soft tissue damage that occurs beneathe the skin/mucous membranes -skin remains in-tact |
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Open injuries |
-Break in skin or mucous membrane -exposing deeper tissue to contamination |
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Define a burn |
-soft tissue damage due to thermal heat, frictional heat, toxic chemicals, electricity, nuclear radiation |
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(matching) define the following -contusion -hematoma -compartment syndrome -Abrasion -laceration -incision -avulsion |
-contusion("bruise" bleeding beneathe the skin w/out breaking the skin, swelling may occur) -hematoma(blood collecting in damaged tissue or body cavity ex: blood blister) -compartment syndrome(edema and swelling that result in pressure in a closed injury) -abrasion(wound on superficial layer due to friction) -laceration(jagged cut due to sharp object or blunt force that tears tissue) -incision(sharp smooth cut, extend to skin/subcutaneous tissue/and even muscle/nerves/bloos vessels -avulsion(injury that seperates various layers of soft tissue, detached and leaves a flap) |
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Tx for soft tissue injury |
RICES R-rest I-ice C-compression E-elevate S-splint |
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When brain detects open wound the steps of healing are the body sends what 2 chemicals |
-lymphosites(destroy bacteria that enter the body) -mast cells(release histamines(vasodialator) |
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S/S of pt.s who need immediate transport |
-poor initial impression -ALOC -Dypsnea -abnormal vitals -shock -severe pain |
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What are 3 depths of burns |
-1st degree(superficial) involve only the top layer of skin and present NO blisters -2nd degree(partial thickness) involve epidermis and dermis, blisters, mottled/pink/red skin with white patches -3rd degree(full thickness) involve all layers of skin, subcutaneous layer, muscle, bone, internal organs |
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MOI associated with burns in upper airway and lower airway |
Upper airway- inhalation of superheated air Lower airway- explosion or ingestion |
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5 S/S of inhalation burns and what to do |
-call ALS/airlift
S/S -stridor -burns to face -hoarse/raspy voice -singed nasal hairs -carbon particles in sputum |
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Risks ascociated with burns |
-prone to infection -hypothermia -hypovolemia -shock |
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Tx for burns |
-O2 administration -burn dressings(treated with meds/petroleum jelly) -if taser burn follow SOP to leave prong or take out -electric burn(make sure power is off) pt. May go into V-FIB or V-TAC |
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Types of radiation |
-alpha (stopped by skin) -beta (can penetrate skin or blocked with proper PPE -gamma (goes straight through human body) |
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What are the 6 major bones in a face |
-Zygoma (2) -nasal bone -maxilla -mandible -orbits |
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Which vertebrae are in the neck |
C1-C7 |
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Which structures are found in the neck |
-Esophagus -trachea -larynx |
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How long do you irrigate chemical burns in eyes |
20 min |
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Define 3 parts of the ear |
-External ear (contains pinna, auricle and external auditory canal: leads to ear drum) -middle ear (containing 3 small bones: hammer. Anvil. Stirrup which are connected by the eustachian tube-equalize pressure/balance. -this is where sound is heard -inner ear (composed of bony chambers filled with fluid) |
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If pt. Loses teeth in trauma how long does pt. Have till it may be reimplanted |
-20 min-1hr |
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4 sided dressing vs 3 sided |
4 sided- arterial bleeding in neck 3 sided- sucking chest wound |
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CNS is protected by which 3 layers of tissue |
-Dura mater (strongest/outermost) -arachnoid -pia mater |
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What is another term for voluntary CNS and involuntary CNS |
Voluntary - somatic Involuntary - automic |
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Sympathetic vs para-sympathetic |
Sympathetic-fight or flight Parasympathetic- brings you back |
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Depressed skull fracture may |
-drive bone fragments into the brain |
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What is the only indication to remove a contact lense |
Chemical splash in eye |
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2 types of brain injury |
Primary(impact to head) Secondary(swelling, hemorhaging, ALOC, ICP) |
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S/S associated with ICP |
-cheyne stoaks resp. -ataxic resp. (ineffective/irregular resp.) -bradycardia -widened pulse pressure (systolic goes up) -headache -NVD -ALOC -pupils non reactive -decorticate posturing (inflexion) -decerebate posturing (extension) |
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What happens in a concussion |
-closed injury -temporary loss of consciousness -quick temporary loss in brain function -No permenate damage |
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5 S/S of a concussion |
-dizzy -weak -ringing in ears -slurred speech -lack of coordination -headache -amnesia |
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Know what cushings triad is and what actions to take |
3 primary signs that often indicate ICP - irregular resp. /bradypnea -bradycardia -systolic hypertension(widening pulse pressure)
-O2 administration if hypoxic, BVM if resp. Inadequate -dont allow pt. To exhert themselves -maintain body temp -immediate transport/ALS intercept -vitals every 5 min. |
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What is the order to strap a pt. On a longboard |
1. Torso 2. Lower extremities 3. Upper extremities 4. Head |
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Before and after splint application |
-PMSC -pulse(radial/pedal) -Motor(wiggle toes/fingers) -sensory(which finger am I touching) -cap refill |
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Can you remove a splint? |
Nope |
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Indications to remove helmet |
-airway compromised -does not allow spinal immobilization -improper fit(allows for excessive head movement) -cardiac arrest -full face helmet that prevents access to airway |
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Define utereus |
Where fetus grows during pregnancy |
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Define menarche |
-Aka the "menzies"; menstration |
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What is PID |
Pelvic inflamitory disease -infection of fallopian tubes and surrounding tissue of pelvis -can cause scarring in fallopian tubes which may lead to sterility |
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S/S of PID |
-PID shuffle (pt. Walks like a penguin) -abnormal discharge/foul smell -fever -N/V/D -rash -malaise (sleepy/weak) -pain during intercourse |
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What is preclampsia and eclampsia |
-Developes after week 20 and happens often with first timers
Preclampsia- -pt exhibits severe hypertension -severe/persitant headache -visual abnormalities (seeing spots, blurred vision, sensitive to light) -swelling in hands and feet -anxiety Eclampsia- -all the same S/S except with the addition of seizures as a result from hypertension |
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What is supine hypertensive syndrome |
-compression of the vena cava due to supine position -place pregnant women on left side to correct this(except during labor) |
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Ectopic pregnancy |
-embryo developes outside of uterous (usually in fallopian tube) -happens 1:300 pregnancies -pt. W/ unilateral pain in lower abdomen and history of PID may result in ectopic pregnancy |
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Placenta previa |
-placenta developes over the utereus and covers the cervix -life threatening |
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Placenta abruptio |
S/S: heavy vaginal bleeding w/no pain -placenta abrupts -life threatening |
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Additional questions to ask pregnant women |
-prenatal care -complications expected? In the past? -grava/para (total prenancies/successful pregnancies) -are you on drugs, alcohal -allergies,medications, pertinent medical history -how many are we expecting -LMP(last menstrual period) -EDC(estimated date of confinement) -frequency/duration of contractions -feel the need to push? /poop? -felt baby move? -has your water broke |
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What is meconium |
-Baby poops in utero -very infectious/deadly |
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3 stages of labor |
-contractions -delivering fetus -delevery of placenta |
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4 warning signs that baby is coming |
-urge to push -crowning -water break(amneiotic sac) -contractions are less than 2 minutes apart |
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What is a Fontunel |
-Soft spot on baby's head -depressed fontunel indicates dehydration |
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Nuchal cord presentation |
-umbilical cord is wrapped around babies neck -you get one attempt to pull over baby's head -if this fails clamp in two places 2" apart and cut the umbilical cord |
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Average pregnancies are how long |
40 weeks |
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Pregnant women are high risk for |
-pulmonary embolisms |
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What is Apgar |
Score sheet for neonatal assessment 10 points possible
-appearance(color) -pulse -grimace(reflex) -activity (tone) -color |
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What do you do with the apgar score? |
|
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CPR ratio on newborn |
3:1 |
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What is a prolapsed cord presentation |
-when you see the umbilical cord come out first -babys weight is pinching the umbilical cord against the vaginal wall -use two fingers to lift baby's weight off of the umbillical cord |