Week 6

Front 1

Urinary system

Back 1

Consists of:

2 kidneys

Ureters- tubes that carry urine from each kidney to urinary bladder

Urinary bladder- expandable sac that holds urine

Urethra- tube that transports urine from the bladder to outside of the body

Front 2

Kidneys

Back 2

Filter blood, reabsorbs and secrete ions and produce urine. This removes waste products and control balance of electrolytes and fluid

Front 3

External anatomy

Back 3

The kidney is covered by connective tissue called by renal capsule

The indent is renal hilum next to renal arteries- bring blood to kidneys to be filtered.

Besides it is renal veins- take filtered blood away

Front 4

Internal anatomy

Back 4

Three layers:

Renal cortex- outer layer

Renal medulla- middle layer

Renal pelvis- inner layer

Front 5

Nephron

Back 5

Function unit of the kidney, involves the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule

Front 6

Renal corpuscle

Back 6

Filter which separates matter based on size.

Made up of 2 sections:

Glomerulus (capillaries)- simple squamous cells

Glomerular (Bowman’s capsule)

Front 7

Renal tubule

Back 7

Water filtration system which consists of tubules that remove wastes while water is collected and recycled back into cardiovascular system.

Structure:

Proximal tubule

Nephron loop (descending and ascending loop)

Distal tubule

Collecting ducts

Front 8

Urine production

Back 8

Three processes:

Filtration: where blood passes through a filter. Only small solutes and water pass through to form the filtrate. (Occurs in glomerulus of renal corpuscle)

Reabsorption: part of the filtrate is sent back to the bloodstream. (Proximal tubule, descending and ascending loop, distal tubule)

Secretion: substances from bloodstream (excess/waste) are secretes into renal tubule to form part of filtrate which excretes from body as urine. (Proximal and distal tubule)

Front 9

Chemical composition of urine

Back 9

Protein

Glucose

Sodium

Potassium

Urea

Creatinine

Front 10

Bladder

Back 10

Small hollow organ that is storage for urine before excretion. It leaves via urethra

Front 11

Hypotonic solution

Back 11

Water concentration is greater OUTSIDE cell= hemolysis (burst) , a solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution

Front 12

Hypertonic solution

Back 12

Lower water concentration OUTSIDE cell=crenation (shrink), a solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution

Front 13

Distribution of water in body

Back 13

Water is most abundant inorganic compounds in body.

Intracellular fluid = 40% body weight

Extracellular fluid = 20% body weight

(Intravascular fluid (plasma) = 4% body weight

(Interstitial fluid) = 16% body weight

Front 14

Solvent

Back 14

Substance where ions, atoms or molecules dissolve (major component) eg. Water

Front 15

Solute

Back 15

The substance that is dissolved in the solvent (minor component) eg. Sugar, salt, oxygen

Front 16

Electrolyte

Back 16

Substance that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water

Front 17

Non-electrolyte

Back 17

Substance that dissolves in water but doesn’t dissociate into ions eg. Glucose and urea

Front 18

Diffusion

Back 18

Movement of solute particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

Factors influencing diffusion rate:

Surface area, particle size, concentration difference, temperature and charge

Front 19

Osmosis

Back 19

Movement of solvent molecules from an area of low solute concentration across semi permeable membrane to area of high solute concentration

Front 20

Tonicity

Back 20

Crenation: when cells are placed in hypertonic solution, water leaves the cells by osmosis

Plasmolysis: when cells are placed in hypotonic solution, water enters the cells by osmosis.

Eg. Red blood cell

Front 21

Isotonic solution

Back 21

Water concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell no movement, a solution having the same osmotic pressure as blood