Week 5 Vocabulary

Front 1

Genome

Back 1

Complete complement of DNA

Prokaryotes-single, double stranded molecule in a loop

Eukaryotes- several double stea des linear molecules bound with proteins to form chromosomes.

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Plasmid

Back 2

Small loops of DNA in prokaryotic cells that are not essential for growth

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Stomatic cells

Back 3

Human body cells. Have 46 chromosomes. Two matches sets of chromosomes (diploid)

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Diploid

Back 4

Two matched sets of chromosomes. N means a single set, so it is 2n

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Gametes

Back 5

Sex cells contain one set of 23 chromosomes. n.

Front 6

Haploid

Back 6

n. One set of chromosomes

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Homologous chromosomes

Back 7

Matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism. Same length and have genes in the same location

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Genes

Back 8

Functional unit of chromosomes

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Locus

Back 9

Location

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Trait

Back 10

Different forms of a characteristic

Ex. Shape of earlobe-characteristic

Attached-trait

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Purines

Back 11

Double ringed nitrogenous base adenine and guanine

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Pyrimidines

Back 12

Single ringed nitrogenous base cytosine and thymine

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What is a DNA nucleotide made of?

Back 13

Sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Phosphate group of one is covalently bonded to the sugar molecule of the next

The sugar phosphate groups make a backbone for each strand of DNA

The nitrogenous bases stick out from the backbone

Front 14

Supercoiling

Back 14

DNA twisted beyond the double helix held together by proteins

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Histone

Back 15

Protein that DNA in a eukaryotic cell is wrapped around.

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Nucleosomes

Back 16

DNA wrapped around a histones

Front 17

Beads on a string

Back 17

One nucleosome attached to another by a short strand of DNA

Chromatin fiber

Front 18

Origins of replication

Back 18

Specific nucleotide sequence at which replication begins

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Helicase

Back 19

Protein that unwinds and opens DNA helix

Front 20

Replication fork

Back 20

Y shaped structure that is formed at the origin of replication

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Single strand binding proteins

Back 21

Coat the single strands of DNA to prevent it from winding back on itself

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Elongation

Back 22

The adding of DNA nucleotides

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DNA polymerase III

Back 23

Adds DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of the template.

Can only add in the 5' to 3' direction

It also requires a free 3'-OH group to which it can add nucleotides

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Rna primase

Back 24

Synthesizes an RNA segment that is 5-10 nucleotides long, and complementary to the template DNA

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Rna primer

Back 25

Sequence of RNA primase getting the template strand ready for DNA polymerase

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Leading strand

Back 26

Strand that is synthesized continuously

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Ohazaki fragments

Back 27

Short pieces that are put together, each requiring an RNA primer to start synthesis and are synthesized toward the origin

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Lagging strand

Back 28

Strand with the ohazaki fragments

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DNA ligase

Back 29

Seals the gaps between okazaki fragments after the RNA primers are replaced with DNA nucleotides

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Toposiomerase

Back 30

Breaks DNA, unwinds it, and puts it back together ahead of replication

Front 31

Mismatch repair

Back 31

Enzymes that recognize wrongly incorporated bases and excise them from the DNA, replacing it with the correct base.

Front 32

Nucleotide excision repair

Back 32

DNA double strand is unwound and separated. The incorrect bases are removed, along with a few bases on the 5 and 3 end. Then replaces with the help of DNA polymerase

Particularly important in correct thymine dimers, which occur when adjacent thimenes bond to each other I stead I'd their complementary base

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Contractile ring

Back 33

Composed of actin filaments, Forms just inside plasma membrane at the former metaphase plate

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Cleavage furrow

Back 34

In animal cells. The crack or fissure that forms as the actin ring contracts. Eventually the membrane and cell break Into two

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How does the new cell wall form?

Back 35

In interphase, the Golgi gathers parts, then breaks into vesicles. In telephase the vesicles move on microtubules to the metaphase plate. They fuse together to form a cell plate. It enlarges until it merges with the cell wall. Enzymes use glucose to build a new cell wall. The Golgi membrane becomes the new plasma membrane

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Where are the internal checkpoints?

Back 36

End of G1(reaction checkpoint)

G2-M transition (G-2 checkpoint)

During Metaphase (Spindle checkpoint)

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Proto-oncogenes

Back 37

Genes that code for the positive cell cycle regulators

When mutated they become oncogenes, genes that cause a cell to become cancerous

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Tumor suppressor genes

Back 38

Code for the negative regulator proteins, proteins that can keep the cell from uncontrollable division

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Best understood tumor suppressor genes

Back 39

Retinoblastoma protein (RB1), p53, and P21.

They halt the cell cycle until certain events are complete

A mutated form may not be able to halt the cell cycle if there is a problem

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What does p53 do?

Back 40

At g1 checkpoint, activates other genes whose products halt the cell cycle (allowing time for repair) activates genes whose products participate in DNA repair, or activates genes that initiate cell death when damage can not be repaired.

A damaged p53 can make the cell act like there are no mutations.

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Mitosis

Back 41

Dividing body cells 1 makes 2 identical

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Meiosis

Back 42

Gametes (sex cells) one makes 4 with half the chromosomes