Week 5: Human Anotomy: Neuroanatomy

Front 1

What are the 4 possible functional components of nerves

Back 1

general sensory, special sensory, somatic motor, visceral motor

Front 2

What 3 functional components are found in spinal nerves

Back 2

general sensory, somatic motor, visceral motor

Front 3

define neuronal pathways

Back 3

chains of neurons linking the brain w/ the rest of the body

Front 4

Within the CNS, sensory pathways _________ while motor pathways ______________.

Back 4

Ascend, descend

Front 5

Upper motor neurons

Back 5

Found in the corticospinal tract. Cell bodies in the motor cortex

Front 6

Lower motor neurons

Back 6

Directly innervate skeletal muscle. Cranial and spinal nerves.

Front 7

Which pathway typically requires 3 neurons?

Back 7

Sensory (ascending)

Front 8

autonomic nervous system includes ______________ neurons

Back 8

all visceral motor neurons

Front 9

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands are _________

Back 9

effectors

Front 10

there are _____________ neurons from the CNS to the effector.

Back 10

at least 2 neurons

Front 11

Where can you find the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons?

Back 11

The intermediolateral column btw T1-L2.

Front 12

What are 2 locations of sympathetic ganglia?

Back 12

sympathetic trunk (chain), prevertebral ganglia

Front 13

Origin of parasympathetic neurons

Back 13

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X and sacral nerves II, III, and IV

Front 14

where are the ganglia of parasympathetic neurons typically located?

Back 14

In or near the effectors

Front 15

Examples of visceral sensation

Back 15

baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, pain fibers

Front 16

physiological afferents follow _________ neurons

Back 16

parasympathetic

Front 17

what type of neurons are involved in reflex arcs

Back 17

physiological afferents (visceral sensation)

Front 18

Pain fibers follow ___________

Back 18

sympathetic neurons

Front 19

How does the body often process visceral pain?

Back 19

Refers it to the corresponding dermatome

Front 20

Where are the cell bodys for visceral pain located?

Back 20

Dorsal root ganglion

Front 21

What is the target of visceral motor neurons?

Back 21

autonomic effectors: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

Front 22

What is the target of somatic motor neurons?

Back 22

skeletal muscle

Front 23

alpha neurons

Back 23

somatic motor neurons going to the muscle fibers

Front 24

gamma neurons

Back 24

Somatic motor neurons going to muscle spindles

Front 25

Which type of functional neuron is only found in cranial nerves

Back 25

special sensory

Front 26

Which spinal nerves are involved in sympathetic system? the parasympathetic system?

Back 26

T1-L2; S2-4

Front 27

Define reflex

Back 27

stereotypic motor response to stimulus. Can be somatic or visceral.

Front 28

Stretch reflex

Back 28

simplest reflex arc, monosynaptic. Muscle spindle is stretched, afferent neuron (passing through dorsal root) synapses on efferent alpha motor neuron in ventral horn.

Front 29

polysynaptic reflex arc

Back 29

3 or more neurons. afferent (usually pain) neuron synapses with interneuron in gray matter, which synapses with efferent (alpha motor) neuron of the specific muscle, not necessarily at same level.

Front 30

feniculi

Back 30

concentrations of white matter in the spinal cord

Front 31

Voluntary motor pathway

Back 31

("pyramidal system"). Axons from cell bodies in motor cortex in brain descend through brainstem to spinal cord. Synapse w/ motor neuron in ventral horn (maybe through interneuron)

Front 32

How many neurons are usually in a general sensory pathway?

Back 32

3 (primary, secondary, tertiary)

Front 33

Spinothalamic system

Back 33

general sensory pathway for pain, temp, and pressure

Front 34

Medial lemniscus/dorsal column system

Back 34

general sensory pathway for fine touch, conscious proprioception

Front 35

Describe the general sensory pathway

Back 35

3 neurons to get to brain. 1st is in skin (dorsal root ganglion), second is in spinal chord, ascends in tract up to thalamus. 3rd is in thalamus and goes to sensory cortex

Front 36

Where in the brain to all sensory neurons (except smell) synapse?

Back 36

Thalamus (gray matter)

Front 37

Major ascending spinal tracts

Back 37

Dorsal column system: fine tactile and ?. medial to dorsal horns. Also Anterolateral system (ALS) (includes spinothalamic (pain and temp)) on lateral border of medial aspect.

Front 38

Major decending spinal tract

Back 38

Lateral corticospinal (pyramidal) tract: just lateral in medial 1/3 of white matter (not on edge)

Front 39

ALS

Back 39

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lou Gehrig's disease. Degeneration of motor neurons, often in lateral corticospinal region

Front 40

Where does autonomic nervous system originate and how many neurons are involved?

Back 40

**Card might be wrong! If you know how to correct it please do**
Originates in CNS; 2 neurons. 1st (presynaptic) in brainstem or spinal cord (or should it be in the lateral horn of spinal column?), synapsing with 2nd (postsynaptic) in a ganglion. 2nd synapses with effector organ.

Front 41

Where are the ganglia of parasympathetic sysem found? sympathetic?

Back 41

In or near effector; in sympathetic chain (trunk)

Front 42

sympathetic NS pathway
INCOMPLETE CARD!

Back 42

dunno

Front 43

There are ____ white communicating rami and ____ gray communicating rami

Back 43

14 pairs; 31 pairs

Front 44

True or False: organs can be innervated by both the sympathetic and parasymp?

Back 44

True. Sometimes antagonistic, sometimes synergistic (eg. salivary glands)

Front 45

Visceral sentation Pathways (2)

Back 45

-physiological afferents (baroreceptor, chemoreceptor) follow para neurons and are involved in reflex arcs.
-Pain fibers follow symp neurons to spinal cord

Front 46

white communicating rami

Back 46

Takes sympathetic motor neurons from ventral root to sympathetic trunk (ganglia)

Front 47

grey communicating rami

Back 47

take sympathetic motor neurons from sympathetic trunk to spinal nerves (?)