Week 3 Cardiology--Mt Fundamentals

Front 1

Name the 4 major vessels of the heart:

Back 1

1. left main coronary artery;
2. left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery;
3. right coronary artery (RCA);
4. circumflex artery

Front 2

edema of the lower extremities is known as:

Back 2

dependent edema,

(because it is aggrevated by the dependent (downward hanging) position.)

Front 3

NAME THE DISEASE:
dilatation, hypertrophy, or failure of the right ventricle due to acute or chronic pulmonary disease

Back 3

cor pulmonale

Front 4

Cor pulmonale involves failure of which chamber of the heart?

Back 4

right ventricle, because of acute or chronic pulmonary disease

Front 5

Clubbing of the fingers is seen in what chronic disease?

Back 5

chronic pulmonary disease

Front 6

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in a body cavity, such as the pericardium:

Back 6

effusion

Front 7

the percentage of blood contained in a ventricle at the end of diastole that is ejected from the heart during the succeeding systole

Back 7

ejection fraction
(EF)

Front 8

What is the normal ejection fraction?

Back 8

normally, 65% or higher

Front 9

Fibrillation can occur for years in some cases without serious consequences except in one chamber of the heart. Which type of fibrillation is rapidly fatal?

Back 9

ventricular fibrillation is rapidly fatal

Front 10

a "gallop" sound heard is usually due to what?

Back 10

3rd or 4th heart sound or both
(S3, S4)

Front 11

increase in jugular venous distension when the examiner applies pressure to the liver is called:

Back 11

hepatojugular reflux

Front 12

inadequate blood supply (to the heart) is known as:

Back 12

ischemia

Front 13

abnormal signs in the retina and retina vessels due to hypertension and arteriosclerosis is called:

Back 13

Keith-Wagener-Barker changes

workbook says use Roman numerals I to IV

Front 14

a classification of hypertension and arteriolosclerosis based on retinal changes.

Back 14

Keith-Wagener-Barker classification

Front 15

hollow interior of a vessel or other tubular structure:

Back 15

lumen

Front 16

sudden attacks of labored breathing awakening the patient from sleep:

Back 16

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

Front 17

delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues by the circulatory system, with removal of carbon dioxide and other wastes:

Back 17

perfusion

(not to be confused with effusion, which is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body cavity, (ie: pericardium)

Front 18

PMI

Back 18

point of maximal intensity;
the point on the chest where the heart beat is most intensely felt by the Drs fingers

Front 19

crackling or bubbling sound heard on auscultation of the breath sounds:

Back 19

rale;

(usually due to fluid)

Front 20

a whistling or humming sound heard on auscultation:

Back 20

rhonchus,
pl. rhonchi

Front 21

separation of the S1 or S2 or both, into 2 distinctly audible components:

Back 21

splitting

Front 22

a structural or functional peculiarity or abnormality that is characteristic of an inherited or acquired condition, and may be useful in its diagnosis:

Back 22

stigma,
pl. stigmata

Front 23

sudden loss of consciousness; fainting

Back 23

syncope

Front 24

a pulse that is both irregular and abnormally rapid:

Back 24

tachyarrhythmia

Front 25

an abnormal sensation felt by the examiner over the heart when blood jets through an anomalous or narrowed orifice:

Back 25

thrill

Front 26

what is the cardinal symptom of coronary artery disease?

Back 26

angina pectoris, or chest pain

Front 27

dyspnea relieved by assuming an upright position:

Back 27

orthopnea

Front 28

How is orthopnea graded?

Back 28

by the number of pillows needed to avoid respiratory distress
ie: two-pillow orthopnea, three-pillow orthopnea

Front 29

what is usually the cause of abnormal clicks or snaps heard on auscultation?

Back 29

abnormal valve function

Front 30

what is the usual cause of rubs heard on auscultation?

Back 30

rubs are grating sounds caused by friction between the beating heart and an inflamed pericardium

Front 31

What is the cause of bruits heard on auscultation?

Back 31

blood rushing through a narrowed artery

Front 32

Of the heart sounds in the characteristic "lup-dup" (in this workbook), which of the heart sounds is considered synchronous of systole, or ventricular contraction?

Back 32

S1
("lup")

Front 33

S1 results from contraction of the _________and the closure of which valves?

Back 33

contraction of the ventricles and closure of the mitral & tricuspid valves.

Front 34

S2 results from closure of which valves and the beginning of ___________?

Back 34

closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves at the beginning of diastole, or ventricular relaxation.

Front 35

What criteria (6) is recorded by a diagnostician to describe the character of a murmur?

Back 35

1. location (point on chest wall where heard best)
2. its radiation or transmission (ie: to the carotid arteries or left axilla)
3. its character;
4. intensity (graded on a scale of 1 to 6 (or 1 to 4);
5. duration;
6. timing within the cardiac cycle.

Front 36

In cardiac catheterization, recording of the coronary blood flow on motion picture film is known as:

Back 36

coronary cineangiotography

(cine- means movement)

Front 37

dilation of a stenotic cardiac valve by means of a balloon-tipped catheter that is introduced into the valve and inflated is known as:

Back 37

balloon valvuloplasty

Front 38

an angiographic procedure for elimination of areas of narrowing in blood vessels is known as:

Back 38

angioplasty

Front 39

The simplest cardiovascular surgical procedure is:

Back 39

carotid endarterectomy;
removal of atherosclerotic disease which is causing neurologic problems

Front 40

The most difficult cardiovascular surgical procedure is:

Back 40

repair of congenital heart defects in the infant

Front 41

The best example of an involved cardiac procedure in regular use would be:

Back 41

the Mustard operation to correct tetralogy of Fallot

Front 42

Name the 4 abnormalities characteristic of tetralogy of Fallot:

Back 42

1. pulmonary stenosis;
2. ventricular septal defect;
3. dextroposition of the aorta;
4. right ventricular hypertrophy

Front 43

congenital defect of the connective tissue (fibrillin) sometimes seen in relation to mitral valve prolapse:

Back 43

Marfan syndrome

Front 44

Type of medications given to treat mitral valve prolapse (to control chest pain and arrhythmias):

Back 44

beta-blockers

Front 45

common cause of aortic stenosis:

Back 45

calcification of the aortic valve with aging

Front 46

A harsh "diamond-shaped" murmur heard at the base of the heart and transmitted to the carotids and cardiac apex which is sometimes characteristic of aortic stenosis. What is another term used for "diamond-shaped" sound?

Back 46

crescendo-decrescendo

Front 47

small, raised, swollen tender areas, about the size of a pea, usually bluish but sometimes pink or red or having a blanched center, seen most commonly in the pads of the fingers or toes, the thenar or hypothenar eminences, or the soles of the feet; these are practically pathognomonic of subacute bacterial endocarditis:

Back 47

Osler nodes

Front 48

a small erythematous or hemorrhagic lesion, usually on the palms or soles, in subacute bacterial endocarditis:

Back 48

Janeway spots
(name in workbook)

Janeway lesions
(Dorland's)

Front 49

round or oval white spots consisting of coagulated fibrin seen in the retina in a number of diseases in which a vascular insult resulting in hemorrhage is followed by healing, in this case, seen in infective endocarditis:

Back 49

Roth spots

Front 50

What is the primary cause of angina pectoris?

Back 50

narrowing of one or more coronary arteries by arteriosclerosis is the primary cause for angina pectoris

Front 51

chest pain that occurs unpredictably or suddenly increases in severity or frequency; attacks may occur without provocation, such as during sleep or rest, may not respond to nitroglycerin, and may be of unusually long duration is known as:

Back 51

unstable angina

Front 52

a SPECIFIC variant of angina pectoris, often considered a form of unstable angina, in which the attacks occur during rest, exercise capacity is often well preserved, and attacks are associated electrocardiographically with elevation of the ST segment. Focal spasm of an epicardial coronary artery causes transient abrupt reduction of arterial diameter, resulting in myocardial ischemia is known as:

Back 52

Prinzmetal angina

Front 53

fine lines at the periphery of the lungs due to edema of pulmonary alveolar septa which are shown on chest x-rays in patients with congestive heart failure are called:

Back 53

Kerley lines

Front 54

When peripherally situated, particularly at the base of the lungs, the lines shown on x-rays of the chest indicative of heart disease are called:

Back 54

Kerley B lines;
(or costophrenic septal lines)

Front 55

When centrally situated, the lines shown on x-rays of the chest indicative of heart disease are called:

Back 55

Kerley A lines

Front 56

an accentuated, audible fourth heart sound usually associated with cardiac disease, often that are characterized by altered ventricular compliance:

Back 56

atrial gallop, or
S4 gallop, or
presystolic gallop

Front 57

an accentuated third heart sound detected in patients with cardiac disease characterized by pathologic alterations in ventricular filling in early diastole:

Back 57

ventricular gallop, or
S3 gallop, or
diastolic gallop

Front 58

a gallop rhythm in which the third and fourth sounds are superimposed, appearing as one loud sound; it may occur in some patients with tachycardia but is usually associated with cardiac disease

Back 58

summation gallop

Front 59

a raucous murmur with musical qualities resembling the call of a seagull, such as that heard occasionally in aortic insufficiency, and attributed specifically to eversion or retroversion of the right anterior aortic cusp:

Back 59

seagull murmur

Front 60

a localized clot adjacent to the infarcted area of ventricular wall is called a:

Back 60

mural thombus

Front 61

a concept of heart failure that emphasizes the inadequacy of cardiac output relative to body needs; edema is attributed primarily to renal retention of sodium and water, and venous distention is considered a secondary feature:

Back 61

forward failure

Front 62

a concept of heart failure stating that imbalance of performance of the ventricles due to dysfunction of one results in a rise in pressure behind that ventricle, with backward transmission of the increased pressure and consequent rise in venous pressure and distention:

Back 62

backward failure

Front 63

inability of the heart to pump blood at a volume that is adequate for the needs of tussues is called:

Back 63

forward failure

Front 64

inability of the heart t distend adequately during diastole, with resulting increase of pressure in the venous system is called:

Back 64

backward failure

Front 65

a condition in which the systemic blood pressure is too low to maintain adequate tissue perfusion is known as:

Back 65

shock

Front 66

In MAST garments, what does the abbreviation stand for?

Back 66

military antishock trousers;

used in shock

Front 67

sustained high blood pressure responding poorly to treatment, and causing rapid progression of cardiovascular damage is called:

Back 67

malignant hypertension

Front 68

a xanthine derivative that reduces blood viscosity and increases erythrocyte flexibility, microcirculatory flow, and tissue oxygenation; used for the symptomatic treatment of intermittent claudication; administered orally.

Back 68

pentoxifylline

Front 69

pain on passive dorsiflexion of the foot; a sign of thrombosis of deep calf veins:

Back 69

Homans sign

Front 70

the recording of the changes in the size of a part, particularly as modified by the circulation of the blood in it. Called also pulse volume recording.

Back 70

pletheysmography

Front 71

injection of radiopaque dye directly into an artery to obtain x-rays of the vessel and its branches is called:

Back 71

arteriography;
arteriogram

Front 72

surgical enlargement of the aperture of a stenotic heart valve, particularly the mitral, by stretching or cutting:

Back 72

commissurotomy

Front 73

NAME THE DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
valuable for the measurement of cardiac chambers (wall thickness and cavity volume), assessment of ventricular function, and identification of valvular malfunction:

Back 73

echocardiography

Front 74

Name the 3 sets of leads in an EKG:

Back 74

limb or bipolar leads;
augmented leads; &
precordial or chest leads

Front 75

Which vein is most commonly involved in varicose veins?

Back 75

saphenous vein
(in the leg)

Front 76

insertion of a needle into a vein to withdraw blood for testing, or to inject fluids, or medicines, or diagnostic materials:

Back 76

venipuncture

Front 77

What do you transcribe when the doctor dictates "nitro paste?"

Back 77

nitroglycerin ointment

Front 78

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class promote vasodilation, decreasing pulmonary and peripheral vascular resistance and hence arterial pressure and cardiac work. They are used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure:

Back 78

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
(ACE inhibitors)

Front 79

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
generic names of drugs in this class end in -pril:

Back 79

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
(ACE inhibitors)

Front 80

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class block the stimulant effect of angiotensin II on vascular smooth muscle and are useful in the treatment of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy:

Back 80

angiotensin II receptor antagonists

Front 81

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
generic names of drugs in this class end in -sartan:

Back 81

angiotensin II receptor antagonists

Front 82

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
digitalis is a general term for drugs in the class:

Back 82

cardiac glycosides

Front 83

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class have been shown to increase the strength and steadying the heart beat of a failing heart:

Back 83

cardiac glycosides

Front 84

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
generic names of drugs in this class end in -olol:

Back 84

beta-adrenergic blocking agents
(beta-blockers)

Front 85

the time required for the plasma level of a drug to fall to half of a certain measured level is referred to as:

Back 85

drug half-life

Front 86

originally, the ratio of the maximum tolerated dose to the minimum curative dose; now defined, so as to account for variability of individual response, as the ratio of the median lethal dose (LD50) to the median effective dose (ED50). It is used in assessing the safety of a drug. What is this term?

Back 86

therapeutic index

also called chemotherapeutic index

Front 87

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class reduce the stimulant effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine at various receptor sites in the circulatory system:

Back 87

beta-andrenergic blockers

(beta-blockers)

Front 88

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs of this class slow and stabilize the heart rate, diminish peripheral blood pressure and reduce cardiac work and oxygen demand:

Back 88

beta-adrenergic blockers

(beta-blockers)

Front 89

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs of this class are widely used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectors, acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and some arrhythmias:

Back 89

beta-adrenergic blockers

(beta-blockers)

Front 90

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class are used principally in the treatment of hypertension:

Back 90

alpha-adrenergic blocking agents

(alpha-blockers)

Front 91

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
generic drugs in this class sometimes end in -azosin

Back 91

alpha-adrenergic blockers

(alpha-blockers)

Front 92

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class reduce heart rate and blood pressure and inhibit certain cardiac arrhythmias by blocking the passage of calcium ions across biologic membranes:

Back 92

calcium channel blockers

Front 93

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
generic drugs in this class often end in -ipine:

Back 93

calcium channel blockers

Front 94

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class are used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, and some arrhythmias:

Back 94

calcium channel blockers

Front 95

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class are vasodilators, chiefly used to relieve the pain of angina pectoris by increasing coronary artery flow:

Back 95

nitrates

Front 96

Name the routes of administration for various nitrates:

Back 96

1.orally (sustained release capsules or chewable tablet);
2. transdermally (as a patch);
sublingually (as a spray or tablet);
3. translingually (as a spray);
4. transmucosally (buccal tablet between cheek & gum);
5. nasally (as a spray);
6. topically (as an ointment);
7. intravenously

Front 97

the most frequently prescribed nitrate is:

Back 97

nitroglycerin

Front 98

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class promote an increase in renal excretion of water, sodium, and other ions, thus reducing peripheral and pulmonary edema in congestive heart failure:

Back 98

diuretics

Front 99

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class promote intestinal excretion of cholesterol are are used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia:

Back 99

bile acid sequestrants

Front 100

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class block the synthesis of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol:

Back 100

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors

(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors)

ALSO KNOWN AS STATINS

Front 101

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class have been shown to delay progression of atherosclerosis and to decrease the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in persons with hyperlipidemia:

Back 101

statins

(HMG CoA reductase inhibitors)

Front 102

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
generic drugs in this class end in -statin:

Back 102

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A inhibitors

statins

Front 103

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class are potent selective stimulants of arterial smooth muscle, increasing the heart rate, raising systemic blood pressure by boosting perpheral vascular resistance, but maintaining coronary and renal blood flow:

Back 103

vasopressors

Front 104

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class are administered by continuous IV infusion and are often valuable in the management of severe cardiovascular collapse:

Back 104

vasopressors

Front 105

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs in this class are used to prevent thrombosis of coronary and cerebral arteries in persons at risk of myocardial infarction or stroke and to prevent deep vein thrombosis:

Back 105

anticoagulants

Front 106

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs of this class are synthesized by recombinant DNA technology, convert plasminogen in a blood clot to plasmin, which breaks down fibrin and so dissolves the clot:

Back 106

tissue plasminogen activators
(tPA)

Front 107

tissue plasminogen activators (tPAs) are given by what route of administration?

Back 107

intravenously

Front 108

These drugs are also used for dissolving clots:

Back 108

thrombolytic enzymes

Front 109

NAME THE DRUG CLASSIFICATION:
drugs of this class will prevent clots from forming but will not dissolve them:

Back 109

anticoagulants;
(vitamin K inhibitors & platelet aggregation inhibitors)

Front 110

NAME THE DRUG TYPE:
drugs of this type will dissolve a clot:

Back 110

thrombolytic enzymes

Front 111

A patient with a history of rheumatic fever is at increased risk for:

Back 111

subacute bacterial endocarditis
(SBE)

Front 112

rupture of the heart

Back 112

cardiorrhexis

Front 113

muscles controlling the valves???????????

Back 113

papillary muscle

Front 114

pale skin, losing hair,

Back 114

trophic changes

Front 115

antihypertensive and diuretic

Back 115

hydrochlorothiazide

Front 116

premature atrial contractions:

(abbreviation)

Back 116

PACs

Front 117

AICD

Back 117

automatic internal cardio-defribrillator

Front 118

scintigraphy with technetium99

Back 118

hot spot scan

Front 119

potassium chloride supplement

Back 119

K-Dur

Front 120

antihyperlipidemic; ezetimibe

Back 120

Zetia

Front 121

downloading ??? on a pacemaker??

Back 121

interrogation

Front 122

ovalocytosis

Back 122

elliptocytosis presence of large numbers of elliptocytes in the blood; called also ovalocytosis.

elliptocyte an abnormal oval or elliptical erythrocyte, as seen in elliptocytosis. Called also cameloid cell and ovalocyte.

Front 123

Atacand

Back 123

candesartan cilexitil

angiotensin II receptor antagonist

Front 124

Avapro

Back 124

irbesartan

Front 125

Optisan

Back 125

contrast medium

Front 126

Lee-White method

Back 126

something about clotting