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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Upper airway |
Nostril - nasal passage - chaoncae - larynx - pharynx - start of trachea |
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Lower airway |
bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli |
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Guttural pouch + diseases |
UA Big airfield space, thought to cool down blood for brain Guttural pouch mycosis -fungal infection -erosion of vessels, severe nose bleeds - may bleed out Guttural pouch tympany -air is trapped in pouch - common in young animals |
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Sinuses + diseases |
UA cranial and caudal maxillary + frontal sinus Primary sinusitis - one sided nasal discharge , sinus lavage secondary sinusitis - infection of tooth root one sided nasal discharge, mass may result, removal of mass/tooth antibiotics + lavage |
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strangles |
UA swelling of lymph nodes extremely infectious chonroids (balls of pus) develop |
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Largeal anatomy |
UA CRICOARYTRNOIDEUS DORSALIS opens airway Laregeal Hemiplegia - roarers, noise heard on inspiration, fails to contract c dorsalis during breathing Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) -soft palate fold over epiglottis - noise heard no expiration |
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Airway defenses |
LA Muscus Cilia Immune cells |
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Lower Airway |
ROA inflammatory condition of the lower respiratory tract allergic reaction to molds, dust and hay allergens Exercise Induces Pulmonary Hamorrhage (EIPH) Bleeding of lungs after excersize often seen running down nostril if severe |
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Pneumonia vs pleuropneumonia |
Pneumonia infection of lungs bacterial(s qui, rhodococuss equi) fungal and viral (influenza, herpes, viral arteritis pleuropneumonia infection of the lung and the pleural space (between body wall and lungs) - chest tube drain fluid |
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Donts |
Horses are Heterodonts (different shaped teeth) and Hypsodonts (long crowns) Incisors - roots converge Canines- small in mares Premolars(wolf tooth) - upper and lower different, continuous with M Molars - upper and lower different, continuous with P |
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Age estimation |
Lower incisors key decidious - 6 day, 6 week, 6 month permanent - 2.5 yrs, 3.5 yrs, 4.5yrs 1. wear patterns cups lost - 6 yrs, 7 yrs , 8 yrs dental star - 8 yrs, 9 yrs, 10/11 yrs 2. angle of I changes from vertical to horizontal over time 3. glavaynes groove - 10yrs: start, 15 yrs: halfway, 20 yrs full 4. shape change: oval - round - triangular - oval 5. I3 hooks 7-11 yrs |
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Dentition formula |
Decidious Di: 3/3 Dc 0/0 Dp 3/3 -- 24 total Permanent I: 3/3 C: 1/1 P: 3-4/3 M:3/3 -- 40/42 total |
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Dental issues |
Enamal points maxilla - buccal surface mandible - lingual surface cheek and tongue lacerations Mandibular abnormalities prognathism - monkey mouth brachygnathism - parrot mouth Wave mouth abnormal wear of teeth or different eruption times Carries cavities Peridontal disease food burrows into gums Step mouth tooth is extracted, opposing tooth has nothing to bring against keeps erupting |
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Anatomy: |
Mandible - lower jaw maxilla -upper jaw occlusal surface -grinding surface buccal surface - cheek lingual surface - tongue cement, enamel, dentin, pulp and cups |
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Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) |
'easy keepers' most animals are insulin resistant (feedback loop is broken) and laminitis look for fat deposits and older horses |
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Pituitary Past Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) |
Equine Kushings ACTH loop 'broken' keeps producing hirsutism + laminitis common signs |
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Body Condition Scoring (BCS) |
1-3: underweight 4: moderately thin 5: ideal 6-9: overweight Look for fat - tail head, ribs, withers neck crest |
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Hypothalamic - Pituitary - Adrenal axis (HPA axis ) |
Negative Feedback loop system Hypothalamus - release chemicals and tigers reaction Pituitary gland - ACTH released from pars intermedia Adrenal Gland Cortisol levels tell body to stop secreting ACTH |
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CNS vs PNS Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Sensory vs Motor |
CNS - Central Nervous System (brain + spinal cord) PNS- Peripheral Nervous System (everything else) Sympathetic - 'fight or flight; Parasympathetic - 'rest and digest' Sensory - info taken to the brain Motor - brain making decision and performing task |
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Brain |
Brainstem - primitive thinking ( breathing, heart rate) Cerebellum - fine tuning movements Forebrain - conscious decisions, emotions |
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Spinal cord division |
C1 - C5 - both front and hind legs C6 - T2 - bundle that supplies front leg T3 - L3 - hind limbs affected L4 - S4 - bundle supplies back leg |
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Neurologic Exam |
observation - stance, head pressing cranial nerves - menace, PLR, nostril/ ear pinch, palpebral leg/hoof placement tight circling backing up tail pull test |
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Neurologic Diseases |
EMP small organism in brain or spinal cord ataxia, stumbling uncoordinated Wobbler's compression of spinal cord due to abnormal development foals- change feed slow growth afdults - joint injections, NSAIDS EDM degeneration of axon, wide based stance, dull mentation |
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Descriptive terms |
Papule - solid, round, dry, elevated skin Pustule- small, elevated area of skin with stuff inside Frythema- redness from capillary congestion, inflammation Pruritic - itching Alopecia - hair loss |
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1. Ring Worm 2.Rain Rot |
1. fungus that eats keratin, results in alopecic ares more common in winter fall, young or immunocompromised horses are at risk contagious and zoonotic anti-fungals if no remission 2. bacteria on skin develops in wet, warm areas scabby puffs, doesn't bother horse unless you try to remove scabs very contagious and zoonotic keep horse dry and remove scabs |
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1.Hives 2.Insect Bite Hypersensitivity |
1. hypersensitivity to unknown cause most common skin reaction in horses, avoid causes lesion: flat topped, steep walled wheals 2. Allergic reaction to insect bite, seasonal at dusk and dawn pruritic lesions insect control - mask, blankets, spray |
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1.Pastern Dermatitis 2.Aural Plaques |
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1.Melanoma 2.Sacroids |
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1.Photosensatization 2.Mange 3. Lice |
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