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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define a comminuted fracture
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Fracture in more than 2 pieces
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Define an avulsion fracture
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avulsion --> when a ligament or tendon pulls a fragment of bone away
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T/F a subluxation is an incomplete disclosation
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T
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What is a type II salter harris fracture?
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75%
physeal fracture --> extends through the metaphysis producing a chip fracture of the metaphyses |
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What is th emost common salter harris type
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type II
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What is a type V salter harris fracture?
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compression fracture of the growth plate
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what type of fracture is associated with child abuse
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spiral
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Define a colles fracture
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transverse fracture of the distal radius with dorsal angulation
described by distal segment |
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DEfine a smith fracture
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transverse fracture of ridstal radius with volar displacement
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What is a monteggia fracture
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ulna fracture with radial head dislocation
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What is a galeazzi fracture?
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fracutre of distal third of radius associated with discloation of distal radioulnar joint
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Most commonly injured ligament in knee
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MCL
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The sag sign is used to assess stability of the posterior cruciate ligament. T/F
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T
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What is the most commonly sprained ligament in the ankle
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anteiror talofibular ligament
latearl ligament complex - anterior talofibular - posterior talofibular - calcaenofibular |
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List some different types of child abuse
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- neglect
- physical -sexual - emotional |
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Where are the important areas to palpate in an ankle exam according tot eh ottawa ankle rules
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- poterior edge or tipe of latreal maellorlus
- posterior edge or tip of medila maellolus - base of 5th metatarasal - navicular bone |
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What are the ottawaankle rules used for
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valid tool for deciding who needs an xray --> too many??
* pain inmalleolar zone or * pain in midfoot zone or bony tenderness in 1/ navicular 2. base of 5th emtatarsal 3. posterior edge or tip of lateral malleolus 4. posterior edge or tip of medial malleolus |
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what are the three types of bone loading
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1. tensile loading - application fo equal and opposite forces outward from the surface = stretching
2. compressive loading - application fo equal and opposite forces towards = crushing - ie vertebral fractures in settin gof osteoprosis 3. shear loading - application of a load parallel to a surface |
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What is osteopetrosis?
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deficient osteolcast dysfunction
group of rare genetic diseases characterised by decreased osteoclast bone resorption fracture like a piece of chakl |
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What is the investigation of choice for a stress fracture
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xray is normal early on in the course.. signs are not seen until late
techneciu bone scan -0> used to id hot spots - areas of high metabolic activity |
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What does displacement of a fracture refer to?
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how much the pieces of a fracture have moved from their normal postiion
should be described in term of the DISTAL structures relationship to more proximal parts of body |
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List the 5 stages of fracture remodelling
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1. haematoma - fibrin mesh which seals off fracture site, framework for influx of inflammatory cells
2. inflammation - proliferation of cells under the periosteum and within the breached medullary caity 3. callus formation - lay down woven bone and cartilage - mineralised 4. consolidatoin - woven bone is transformed into lamellar bone - slow process 5. remodelling - crude weld is remodelled over years - by a continued process of alternating bone resorption and formation |
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Average time for fractur healing of upper limb and lower limbe
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upper limb - 6-8 weeks
lower limb - 12-16 wks |
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What are the essentials for getting an xray of a suspected fracture
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2 views
joint above and below if in doubt - repeat xray in 10 days |
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T/F fracture can either appear as an abnormal lucency or an abnormal opacifcation
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T
abnormal lucency - n obone in gao abnormal opacfication - overlapping bone fragments |
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What is an essex lopresti fracture
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commoniuted displaced radial head fracture with dislocation of distal radioulnar joint
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What is pathophysiology of compartment syndrome
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- bleeeding, oedema, inflammation
- swelling contained in non expansile compartment raises tissue pressure - pressure incerase - then occludes vein then artery - muscle ischaemia - more oedeam - icnreaed pressure - cycle continues |
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What are teh signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome
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pain
pallor parathesia paralysis pulseless swelling |
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What specific fracture areas are prone to avascular necrosis
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- proximal scaphoid after fracture - (if fracture occurs so that proximal scaphoid is isolated - no blood supply
- head of femur after # of NOF - lunate - after dislocation - body of talus - after # of head of talus |
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What are the indications for open reduction
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NO CAST
Non union Open fracture C - neurovascular compromise A - intraarticular fractues S- salter harris III, IV, V T- polytrauma - failure to reduce closed - cant cast - hip - patohological fractures - fracutres in paraplegics - potential for improved function with ORIF |
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colles fracture is caused by what mechanism of injury
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fall on outstretched hand
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Most ocmmon fracture in children
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- fracture of the clavicle - mid shaft - after a fall on the outstretched hand or onto the shoulder tip
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What is the mechanism of a lateral ankle sprain
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inversion of the plantar flexed foot --
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