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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does ventilation occur?
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Airways-from nose to alveoli
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Where do you get gas exchange?
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Parenchyma-from alv. capillary mb to organs
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What constitute the upper airways?
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Nasal& oral airways/hypopharynx and larynx.
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Where does diffusion occur?
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Alv.- cap. membrane
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At what generation do u get terminal bronchioles?
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17
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Terminal bronchioles contain little alveolar sacs in wall.
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True
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Where does gas exhange start?
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As soon as you get alv. sacs,hence in terminal bronchioles.
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Thin alveolar walls provide elastic forces to keep airways open(Airways patency)
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True
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What is gas exchange?
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Process by which O2 in alv. space diffuses across epithelium,endothelium,BM through a bit of plasma into RBC.
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Distance for gas to mix with Hb is long.
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False.its short.
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What kind of cells are type 2 epithelial cells?
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Plum,fleshy cells with increased no. of cytoplasmic vesicles-surfactant production in lamellar bodies.(metabolically reactive cells)
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PaCO2 is an index of adequacy of alveolar ventilation.
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True
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Where are pulmonary capillaries normally found?
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Base of lungs in erect posture.
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Pulm. blood flow gets its O2 1/3 of way at rest.
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True(pulm. blood flow is a low pressure system-1/4 sec for blood to pass through)
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During exercise ,pulm. blood flow gets 02 initially.
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False.It gets its O2 just before it leaves.
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What is volume of lungs at rest?
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3 Litres(FRC)
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What is the mean pressure of the pulm. circulation?(large volume,low P-25/8mmHg)
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15mmHg
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What type of circulation is the systemic one?(120/80 mmHg)
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High P,Small volume,High resistance.
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Where does the genioglossus insert?
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Inside of mandible.
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Name some UA functions
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Ventilation,Airway protection,cough,swallowing,speech.
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What determines balance between oral and nasal airflow?
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Urula tone.
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What happens during exercise?
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Breathe thru mouth.
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What are the stages during inspiration?
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1.Phrenic nerve discharge contracts diaphragm.
2.PCA abducts vocal cords-----> widens larynx. 3.Genioglossus pushes tongue forward & decreases resistance in UA. |
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U.A is stabilized and dilated in pre-inspiration.
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True
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Describe the stages during expiration.
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1. Decrease in tone of PCA and diaphragm----> braking rate of expiration
2. T.A adducts vocal cords & narrow glottis. |
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Pulmonary & chest wall stretch receptors moderate PCA/GG & TA activity reflexly to control rate of inspiration and expiration.
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True
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Till when do plates of cartilage present in lower airways?
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Till before bronchioles.
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Lower a/w is lined with single layer of ciliated columnar epithelium
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True.
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In pneumonia and chronic broncitis,size of lumen abt normal.
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True,except that mucus plugs present
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What happens during asthma/smoking?
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Lumen size decreases due to intraluminal thickening(a/w wall thickened due to inflammation)
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What happens in emphysema?
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a/w loses its attachment/structural support---->narrow lumen
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What diseases normally cause 20 % fall in FEV1?
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Asthma,C.bronchitis,cold air
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What does the symp. NS do to the a/w smooth muscle?
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Dilate
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Vagal stimulation to the a/w causes cosntriction.
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True
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A decrease in PaCO2 will cause
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Contraction of the a/w
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What causes change in tonicity in exercise-induced asthma?
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Increased ventilation.
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How do we measure dynamic lung volumes?
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Spirometry,peak flow meters,flow/volume loops.
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Name 3 causes of restrictive lung diseases
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Thickened chest wall/paralysed chest wall/hyperscoliosis
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Describe expiratory flow rate
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Effort independent with downstream a/w compression.
- It decreases with with decreased lung volume. |
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Inspiratory flow rate consists of
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-Distended lower a/w
-effort DEPENDANT -decrease with reduced diaphr. strength -depends on UA patency |
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What does home recording of peak flow show?
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gradual deterioration before onset of acute exacerbation.(good to monitor a/w calibre)
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Name 3 techniques to measure static lung volumes
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1. Gas dilution and washout-accessible gas volume
2. Body plethysmograph--> total gas volume 3. CXR methods---> total displacement volume |
