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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What factors affect how a drug will affect somebody? |
Theeffect a drug has on someone depends on: •Person (Incl. Age, gender, individualhealth, cognitions/expectations) •Drug (Incl. Howit’s taken, amountused, frequencyof use, durationof use/history, druginteractions •Environment (incl. Socialfactors) |
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What are the two pharmacological factors that explain how drugs work? |
Pharmacokinetics: hasto do with absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a drug, or‘what the body does to the drug’ . How the drug enters the body (skin, oral, smoked) and how it travels through the body and organs (high blood flow organs first like heart and brain usually followed by fat, muscles and skin. Also looks at Pharmacodynamics: hasto do with the biochemistry, pharmacology, and effects of the drug, or ‘whatthe drug does to the body’ |
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What is the difference between an Agonistic drug effect and an antagonistic effect? |
•Agonist effect – an increase orstimulation the action of a neurotransmitter •Antagonist effect – decrease orinhibition of the action of a neurotransmitter |
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What are some of the long term effects of alcohol consumption? |
-Nervoussystem/Braindamage – effects on memory (Korsakoff’s syndrome) -Liver damagedby alcohol processing – (Cirrhosis, Liver Cancer) -Withdrawalrelated risks including having Seizures which in worst case leads to death +Otherhealth effects incl.Heart,Muscles, Pancreas, Sexual organs, Skin, Stomach, Intestines etc… as well as Emotional/Psychological/Social issues |
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How does cannabis effect the brain? |
-THC is the main active ingredient which binds to cannabinoid receptors and Interferes with normal functioningof brain. It affects the Cerebellum (coordination), Hippocampus (memory) and the Cerebral cortex(thinking) . Affects ability to think clearly
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What are some of the immediate effects experienced by someone using cannabis? |
–Feeling of intoxication –Loss of coordination &concentration –Increased appetite –Reddened eyes –Anxiety or panic –Hallucinations –Paranoia –Confusion |
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What are some of the long term affects of cannabis? |
- Health Risks (Bronchitis, lung cancer &respiratory disease)
- Lowered sperm count / irregularmenstrual cycle –Brain function (Loss of concentration, memory &learning abilities) –‘Amotivational syndrome’ (Loss of interest in activities,loss of energy, boredom, Less sex drive) –Severe psychotic behaviour (Druginduced psychosis). Causal link not certain |
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What effects do opiates (like heroin) do? |
-Opiatereceptors provide pain relief –Affects endorphins, affectsdopamine (reward effects) -Painrelief (Physical and Psychological) -Overdoserisk high -Commoneffects:Feelingsof well-being or euphoria, Pinpointpupils, Sedation, Shallowbreathing, Nauseaand vomiting |
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What are some of the long term effects of heavy use of opiates? |
–Constipation
- Weightloss / malnutrition -Chronicheart / lung conditions - Infertilityin women and Irregularperiods - Injectingrisks –Lossof sex drive–Dependency - Thebiggest risk with opiate use is overdose >Therole of Narcan (Naloxone), can reverse an overdose |
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Describe the short term effects of inhalants. |
Immediateeffects: depressant; Allareas of the body affected; Cancause serious health effects to body including death ; Psychologicaleffects suchas confusion, hangoversand headaches (can last for several days) |
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Describe the long term effects of inhalants. |
- Significant Long Term Health effects: Tremors, loss of sense of smell & hearing, problems with blood production, Irregular heart beat & damage to heart muscle, Liver & kidney damage.
- Effects on brain function: Forgetfulness/memory impairment, Inattention/reduced ability to think clearly & logically - Psychological effects :Irritability, hostility, feeling depressed or feeling persecuted |
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Desctibe the effects of methamphetamine. |
•Significantlyalters levels of dopamine (extreme agonist) and norepinephrine. Triggers sympathetic nervous system •Commoneffects: - Speedingup of bodily functions –Drymouth, sweating, large pupils, headaches–Energetic& increased confidence –Awake& alert; Talkative,restless, excited, -trouble sleeping, Panicattacks, reducedappetite –Anxiety,hostility, aggression |
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Describe long term effects of (heavy use) stimulants? |
–Healtheffects: Rapid& irregular heart beat; Highblood pressure; Majorsleeping problems; Malnutrition; and/or Injectingrisks –Psycho-pathology ; Anxietyand tension; and/or Amphetaminepsychosis |
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Describe the short term effects of ecstasy. |
- MDMAaffects serotonin (6-10hr half life)
3 phases: - Comingup (Drug starting to take effect) Nausea,increased body temp, heart rate increase, difficulty focusing or make sense ofwhat you are seeing, confusion, or panic - Plateau/peak (Effects levelling off) Heightenedsensations, increased energy, confidence, talkativeness, feeling of warmthtowards others - Comingdown (Effects wearing off) Flat,depressed, exhausted |
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Describe the long term effects of heavily using ectasy. |
- Depression, anxiety, paranoia (although limited causal research) - Brain damage to serotonin producers Although new research shows ecstasy users have no cognitive deficits. so very unclear. |
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What drug is the costs Australia the most (Collins &Lapley)? |
Government spending on tobacco related illnesses are responsible for 56% of the governments total spending on the social costs of drug abuse. |
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What sub groups of society are statistically more likely to be affected by drug use? |
LGBTI Indigenous people Rural areas Low socioeconomic areas |
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Do statistics back up the claim that we are in an "ice epidemic"? |
- Statistics show ice use has reduced since 2013. Ice users make up less than 2% of the drug using population |
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Describe the gender variations in regards to illicit drug use in Australia |
•In general males more likely to useillicit drugs than females, with some notable exceptions –Among 14-17 age group (females) are more likely to have used illicitdrugs recently (13.3% vs 15.7%) |
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What drug caused the most deaths in 2013? |
Alcohol - for the first time higher than tobacco (which is reducing as less people smoke) |
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What are the 5 components of pharmacokinetics? |
1. Absorption: The rate in which the drug enters the bloodstream. This is affected by how it is taken. 2. Distribution: Depends on the amount of blood flowing to each organ the the solubility (water soluble (slower) or fat soluble). 3. Volume of Distribution: Describes the space occupied by a drug within the body (effect is proportionate to the concentration of drug in tissues, like the brain, with receptors) . 4. Half-life: The time it takes for concentration of the drug in the body to reduced by 50% 5. Metabolism and Excretion: Metabolism and excretion will (usually) end the effects of the drug on the body. Drugs are eliminated from the body easier if water-soluble (kidney most important for water soluble, smaller amounts through gut and lungs - breathaliser). |
