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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of the Nucleus? |
Control center of cell, contains genes/DNA, directs protein synthesis |
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What is the function of the Plasma Membrane? |
external cell barrier, transport of substances into or out of the cell, involved in cellular communication - Selectively permeable |
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What is the function of the Cytoplasm? |
Site of cellular activity |
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What is the function of the Smooth Edoplasmic Reticulum? |
(lack ribosomes) lipid synthesis, drug detoxification, and calcium storage |
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What is the function of the Mitochondria? |
ATP synthesis |
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What is the function of the Ribosomes? |
interpret the genetic code and synthesize polypeptides (proteins) |
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What is the function of the Rough Edoplasmic Reticulum? |
protein synthesis and manufacture of cellular membranes |
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What is the function of the Golgi Complex/Apparatus? |
receives synthesized proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, sorts, cuts and slices them. Then segregate/packages proteins into golgi vesicles that bud off. |
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What is a lysosome? What is the function of the Lysosomes? |
package of enzymes in a single unit membrane, variable in shape. intracellular digestion, autophagy (the digestion of warn out organelles and mitochondrion), programmed cell death (autolysis), and glucose mobilization (lysomes in the liver cells break down glycogen) |
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What is the function of the Peroxisomes? |
not produced by golgi complex, abundant in liver and kidney. detoxify harmful substances |
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What is the function of the Centrioles? |
organization during mitosis: form mitotic spindle during cell division: unpaired centrioles form basal bodies of cilia and flagella |
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What is the function of the Chromatin? |
genes/ DNA bunched up for mitosis |
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What is the function of the Microtubules? |
hold organelles in place and maintain cell shape; form tracks to guide organelles and molecules to specific designations in a cell. |
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What is the function of the Nuclear Envelope? |
surrounds and protects DNA |
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What is the function of the cytoskeleton? |
collection of filaments and tubules that provide internal support and movement of the cell. |
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What is the function of inclusions? |
Storage products or other products of cellular metabolism, or foreign matter retained in cytoplasm. |
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Who's work with bacteria in the 1860s disproved the idea of spontaneous generation? |
Pasteur |
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Name these organelles |
1. Nucleolus; 2. Nucleus; 3. rhizome 4. lysome; 5. rough endoplasmic reticulum 6. golgi complex; 7. microtubule 8. smooth endoplasmic reticulum; 9. mitochondria; 10. peroxisome; 11. cytoplasm; 12. golgi vessels; 13. centrioles |
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Name the following cell shapes: |
squamous and spheroid |
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Name these cell shapes |
polygonal and discoid |
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Name these cell shapes: |
cuboidal and fusiform |
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Name these cell shapes |
columnar and fibrous |
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Name this cell shape |
stellate |
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DNA Function |
* Makes protein through transcription and translation * Replicates itself through mitosis and meiosis determines the characteristics of a species and the hereditary characteristics that distinguish an individual. |
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Nucleotides |
3 component parts is a sugar and contains 5 carbons A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA |
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4 Nitrogenous Bases of DNA |
Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine |
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DNA Structure |
sugar Phosphate backbone attaches to complementry base pairing Helix structure Base Pairing of: TA, CG |
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RNA structure |
Single stranded contains uracil instead of thymine Has an O–H |
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4 Nitrogenous Bases of RNA |
Adenine Cytosine Guanine Uracil |
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What is the organization of a chromatin? |
•46Molecules of DNA and their associated proteins form chromatin –lookslike granular thread •DNAmolecules compacted –coiledaround nucleosomes (histone clusters) like a spool –twistedinto a coil that supercoils itself in preparation for cell division |
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Nucleotides make up: |
DNA that consists of sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |
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What is a gene? |
a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one polypeptide |
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What type of sugar is in DNA? |
deoxyribose |
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What type of sugar is in RNA? |
ribose |
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What is the average number of nitrogenous bases in DNA? |
averages 10^8 base pairs |
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What is the average number of nitrogenous bases in RNA? |
70-10,000 bases, mostly unpaired |
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Number of nucleotide chains in DNA? |
two (double helix) |
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Number of nucleotide chains in RNA? |
one |
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What is the site of action in DNA? |
functions in nucleus, cannot leave |
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What is the site of action in RNA? |
leaves nucleus, functions mainly in cytoplasm |
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What is the function of DNA? |
Codes for synthesis of RNA and protein |
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What is the function of RNA? |
Carries out the instructions in DNA; assembles proteins |
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What are the four phases of the cell cycle? |
-G1 normal cellular functions, begins to replicate centrioles -S DNA synthesis -G2 Gap between S and M. preparation for mitosis, replicates centrioles, synthesizes enzymes for cell division -M Mitotic phase (nuclear and cytoplasmic division) >Begins with chromosome condensation >Ends with cell division *RNA and protein synthesis occurs at each phase. |
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What are the steps of Mitosis? |
1. Interphase: Nuclear membrane breaks down 2. Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible 3. Prometaphase/ Metaphase: Microtubules bind and align chromosomes 4. Telophase/ Anaphase - Chromosomes separate forming chromatin (overlaps with cytokinesis) 5. Cytokinesis : Nuclear membrane reforms and cells divide |
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When do cells divide? |
•Haveenough cytoplasm for 2 daughter cells •DNAreplicated •Adequatesupply of nutrients •Growthfactor stimulation •Openspace in tissue due to neighboring cell death |
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When do cells stop dividing? |
•Lossof growth factors or nutrients •Contactinhibition |
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What is heredity? |
•transmissionof genetic characteristics from parent to offspring |
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What is karyotype? |
chartof chromosomes at metaphase |
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How many pairs of homologous chromosomes in somatic cells do humans have? |
23 –1chromosome inherited from each parent –22pairs called autosomes –onepair of sex chromosomes (X and Y) •normalfemale has 2 X chromosomes •normalmale has one X and one Y chromosome |
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What happens during mitosis:prophase? |
•Chromatinsupercoils into chromosomes –eachchromosome = 2 genetically identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere –eachchromosomes contains a DNA molecule •Nuclearenvelope disintegrates •Centriolessprout microtubules pushing them apart towards each pole of the cell |
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What happens during mitosis: metaphase? |
•Chromosomesline up on equator •Spindlefibers (microtubules) from centrioles attach to centromere •Asters(microtubules) anchor centrioles to plasma membrane |
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What happens during mitosis: anaphase? |
•Centromeressplit in 2 and chromatids separate •Daughterchromosomes move towards opposite poles of cells •Centromeresmove down spindle fibers by kinetochore protein (dynein) |
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What happens during mitosis: telophase? |
•Chromosomesuncoil forming chromatin •Nuclearenvelopes form •Mitoticspindle breaks down |
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What happens during cytokinensis? |
•Divisionof cytoplasm / overlaps telophase •Myosinpulls on microfilaments of actin in the membrane skeleton •Causescrease around cell equator called cleavage furrow •Cellpinches in two •Interphasehas begun |
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List the five principles of modern cell theory |
•Allorganisms composed of cells and cell products. •Acell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life. There are nosmaller subdivisions of a cell or organism that, in themselves, are alive. •Anorganism’sstructure and all of its functions are ultimately due to the activities of itscells. •Cellscome only from preexisting cells, not from nonliving matter. All life,therefore, traces its ancestry to the same original cells. •Becauseof this common ancestry, the cells of all species have many fundamentalsimilarities in their chemical composition and metabolic mechanisms. |
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describe a membrane phospholipid bilayer: |
hydrophilic heads (water loving on the outside) hydrophobic tails (water hating on the inside) motion of these molecules create membrane fluidity, an important quality that allows for self repair. |
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What is the function of receptors? |
Chemical messenger, key in a lock, changes shape (cells communicate with chemical signals that cannot enter target cells) |
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What is the function of enzymes in the plasma membrane? |
May break down chemical messengers to stop their signaling effects. (An example of this is acetylcholine causes mussel to contract, while acetylcholinesterase causes mussel to relax.) |
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What is the function of channel proteins? |
Integral proteins that form pores (channels) for passage of water or solutes |
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What is the function of molecular motors? |
Movement of the cell A filamentous protein that arises in the cytoplasm and pulls on membrane proteins causing movement. |
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What is the function of cell-identity markers? |
enables body to identify "self" from foreign invaders |
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What is the function of cell adhesion molecules? |
Membrane proteins that adhere cells together and to extracellular material. |
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What is the glycocalyx? What is its function? |
fat/furry coat on a cell - enables immune system to recognize normal cells from transplanted tissue, diseased cells and invading organisms. - Cushions and protects cell membrane - Assists in cell adhesion, fertilization, and embryonic development |
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Where are Microvilli found? What is their function? |
they are found in the liver cells and small intestine. They are used in absorption. (increase surface area for absorption) |
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Where are Cilia found? What is their function? |
found in the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, inner ear and retina). motile cilia beat in waves, sequential power strokes followed by recovery strokes - floating mucous pushed along by cilia. |
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Where are flagella found? What is their function? |
found as tails of sperm helps sperm to move to fertilize the female egg. |
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What is the function of gate proteins? |
opens and closes responding to stimuli. Lets in solute molecules |
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How does cystic fibrosis work? |
(cilia can't do their job) Chloride pumps fail to create adequate saline layer. Sticky mucus plugs pancreatic ducts and respiratory tract (clogs up the cilia) Inadequate absorption of nutrients and oxygen Lung infections life expectancy of about 30 years |
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Passive Transport |
no ATP required movement of particles down the concentration gradent |
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What are the four types of passive transport? |
filtration osmosis simple diffusion carrier mediated: facilitated diffusion still passive but needs protein |
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What is filtration? |
movement of particles through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure (water pressure) movement is from high to low no ATP needed |
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Active Transport |
Requires ATP Transport particles against their concentration gradient (low to high) Carrier mediated: active transport and vesicular transport are examples of active transport. |
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What is simple diffusion? |
movement of particles as a result of their constant random motion. (high to low, no ATP) |
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Correct diffusion _____ are very important to cell survival |
rates |
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What is osmosis? |
diffusion of water down its concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane. From an area of more water to less water. |
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What is osmotic pressure? |
Amount of hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis (osmosis slows to a stop due to filtration of water back across membrane due to increase of hydrostatic pressure) |
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What would a blood cell do in hypotonic water? What is a hypotonic solution? |
cells in this solution would absorb water, swell and may burst (lyse) Hypotonic solutions have a low concentration of non-permeating solutes (high water concentration) |
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What would a blood cell do in hypertonic water?What is a hypertonic solution? |
Cells in this solution would lose water and shrivel Has high concentration of non-permeating solutes (low water concentration) |
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What would a blood cell do in isotonic water? |
normal saline, blood cell would remain the same |
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What are two carrier mediated transport types? |
active transport and facilitated transport Requires ATP |
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What is the transport maximum? |
As concentration of solute increases, rate of transport increase up to the point when all carriers are occupied and rate of transport levels off at the transport maximum. |
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What is the uniporter? |
carries only one solute at a time |
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What is the simporter? What direction does it go? |
carries 2 or more solutes simultaneously in same direction (contratransport) |
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What is the antiporter? What direction does it go? |
Carries two or more solutes in an opposite direction (countertransport) |
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Can all three types of carriers can be involved in facilitated diffusion or active transport? |
yes |
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What is facilitated diffusion? |
carrier mediated passive transport of solute across membrane down its concentration gradient (needs its hand held) No energy needed |
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Active transport is going ______ its concentration gradient |
against |
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In what systems is active transport particularly important? |
nervous and muscular system |
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Vesicular transport: |
Transport of large particles or fluid droplets through membrane in bubblelike vesicles of plasma membrane. Uses ATP |
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Where does vesicular transport happen? |
exocytosis - vesicular transport into the cell Endocytosis - vesicular transport into the cell - phagocytosis - engulfing large particles by pseudopods - pinocytosis - taking in fluid droplets - receptor mediated endocytosis - taking in specific molecules through a vesicle |
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What is phagocytosis? What are the steps? |
engulfing large particles by pseudopods - eats them, traps them, breaks them down, takes vesicle, destroys bacteria cell, then spits out the residue through exocytosis. |
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What is pinocytosis? |
taking in fluid droplets |
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What is receptor mediated endocytosis? |
taking in specific molecules through a vesicle |
