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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Qualitative Research
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Emphasis on the subjective state of the person under study
-case studies -Ethnographies -interviews/focus groups -can not generalize data |
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Quantitative Research
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Emphasis on measurement
-Statistical, mathematical or computational techniques-models -measurement is central -attempts to remove bias of observation -looks for themes and patterns |
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Basic Research
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To increase understanding of fundamental principles-evolves from curiosity and is theoretical
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Applied Research
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Empirical methodology employed to solve practical problems-policy & commercial impact
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Observational
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CURRENT METHODS
-Descriptive |
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Relational
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CURRENT METHODS
-Looks for connections |
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Experimental
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CURRENT METHODS
-Seeks causes |
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Observational Methods
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Simply watch the phenomenon and get a general idea of what is involved in the process
-Naturalistic Observational : as it occurs -Ethnographic studies -Case Studies (Margaret Mead) -Bias of observer can cause incorrect interpretation -Good first step to formulate hypothesis |
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Correlational Approach
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-Researchers seek to determine whether, when one event occurs, the other event also occurs
-Direction & Strength of relationships -Association b/w variables -Correlation doesn't imply causation -Surveys popular for this - -1(strong), 0(no relationship), 1(strong) |
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Independent Variable
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Variable that an experimenter manipulates in an experiment
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Depend Variable
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Aspect of the world that the experimenter expects will be affected by the independent variable
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Quasi-Experimental Research
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Marshmallow Test
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Random Experiments
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-Differ from experiments that are demonstrations of a phenomenon
-Marshmallow experiment -Milgram Asch's conformity study |
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Why does randomization matter?
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-Safeguards against possibility bias
-Distributes characteristics of sample evenly across conditions -Statistically better for comp as stats assumes "normal distribution: of characteristics |
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Between Subjects Design
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-Ss assigned to a condition...compare results between 2 conditions
-Standard for a lot of pf psych research -Blinds=single (Ss) double (Ss & RA's) -Needs a lot of Ss to find results Health Improved Health Not Improved Placebo Test Drug |
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Within Subjects Design
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-All subjects receive all conditions
-Requires less subjects -Can eliminate errors base individual differences -Each participant his own baseline -Downside: carryover effects, fatigue, practice YOGA JOGGING Pre Post Pre Post Ss1 12 14 10 15 Ss2 11 16 9 12 Ss3 12 11 14 10 |
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Combo-within & between Subjects
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Men Women
Choc Van Straw Choc Van Straw |
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Non-Randomized Research
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Non-Randomized Control Trial
-People assigned to groups non-randomly Case Control Study -Select for specific characteristics No Control Group -Everyone gets treatment Cohort Study -Defined group studied over time |
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Self Report
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SS Reports on FEELINGS, EXPERIENCE, BELIEFS
Standardized Questions, items -Surveys -Questionnaires -Check lists -Inventories |
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Rater
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Rater trained to look for certain behaviors
MULTIPLE RATERS = INTER-RATER RELIABILITY -Drawbacks to single rater? -What if they have really different ratings? |
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Dichotomous
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-Yes/No
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Continuous
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-Range of responses
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Q-Sort
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Ranks statements for a 'global' attitude
always, frequently, sometimes, never |
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Crafting Survey Questions
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Avoid Leading Questions
Double-barrel Questions Be Specific Clearly Articulate 'conceptual' terms |
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Scales
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Likert (Attitude Scale)
-Strongly agree - Strongly disagree -Even / Odd # of Responses |
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Forced Choice
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-Best method for eliminating "fence sitters"
-Eliminates "bias" -Halo effect-single dimension used to judge whole Ex: Childcare a) Should be provided to working members b) Mothers should have to make their own arrangements |
