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8 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mycobacterium
tuberculosis |
Rare in the US but may be the most common cause of chronic meningitis WW
Bacterial: Acid fast rods CSF composition and PCR Risk: HIV-AIDS patients with TB CP: HA, malaise, mental confusion, vomiting dev 2-6 months after infection |
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Treponema
pallidum |
Rare but occurs in 0.3 to 2.4% of untreated
syphilis patients Bacterial: Spirochete CSF analysis and serology Risk: Patients with tertiary syphilis |
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Borrelia burgdorferi
(Lyme) |
10% of those with Lyme disease
Bacterial: Spirochete Nerve Palsy , serum Ab, intrathecal Ab in CNS and PCR on CSF Risk: Patients with Lyme accompanied by cranial nerve palsies |
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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Most common cause of fungal meningitis
Fungus: Encapsulated yeast that is gram variable India ink preparation w/ encapsulated yeast & cryptococcal poly- saccharide antigen; Wright stain; Calcoflurowhite stain; Parenchymal lesions (soap-bubbles in brain) Risk: HIV-AIDS (1-2%) lymphoma leukemia (defective cell immunity) exposure to bird droppings (esp pigeons); transmission via inhalation of aerosolized bird feces P: spherical with thick capsule, narrow based buds (capsule appear gram neg, but yeast cell itself is gram positive) CP: fever, HA, meningitis symptoms, visual disturbances, altered mental status, seizures, 10-15% have skin lesions, recent bad cough |
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Coccidioides
immitis (San Joaquin or Valley Fever) |
1/3 of patients with extrapulmonary coccidiomycosis
Fungus: Spherules with endospores. Serum complement fixation test (look for antibodies). Spherules in CSF spherulin based skin test. Highly infectious - usu not cultured Morphology: distinct, segmented saprobic phase; spherules in parasitic phase; dry, tan/brown culture Risk: West Texas, North Mexico, S. Cal; older males w/ chronic ds, Af-Am, Filipino Arthronconidia released f/ hyphae inhaled, then grow into large spherules willed with many endospores |
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Histoplasma
capsulatum |
Rare
Dimorphic Fungus: Small narrow oval budding yeasts (SNOBY) in macrophages Mycelial phase get inhaled by human, spores grow into yeast form in tissues and may remain localized or disseminated hematogenously (Only Fungus that grow Intracellularly) True diagnose by isolation & culture (4-6 wks); Complement fixing serum and CSF antibodies; looks like bird seed in a cluster inside cell Risk: Immunosuppressed (AIDS) Exposure to bird droppings; North America (esp Ohio & MI River Valley) CP: usu just get mild respiratory infection; chronic - weight loss, fatigue, HA |
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Taenia solium
(Neuro cysticercosis) |
Most common parasitic disease of
the CNS Tape worm: Cysticerci in the tissues, proglottis and eggs in the stool Calcified Cysts present in the brain (MRI ,CT); also in muscle, CT, lungs, and eyes Risk: Those living in endemic regions and eating undercooked pork infected w/ cysticercus larvae (Mexico) P:larva dies and release antigenic material -> inflammatory rxn (fever, muscle pain, CN damage, seizures, hyperreflexia, visual defects) |
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Acanthamoeba
and Naegleria fowleri |
Rare
Protozoan: Amoeba Presence of amoebae in brain tissue after death Risk: Swimming in contaminated waters HIV-AIDS patients Amebic Meningoencephalitis: intense frontal HA, sore throat, fever, blocked nose w/ altered sense of taste & smell, stiff neck, Kernig sign Naegleria is rapid (days) Acanthamoeba is weeks |
