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236 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of bacteria is Escherichia coli?
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Gram negative
Facultative anaerobe Straight rods Single or pairs |
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Where is E. coli naturally found in most vertebrates?
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Lower ileum and large intestine with colonization of neonatal GI tract occurring within hours of birth
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What are the two E. coli surface components that are the basis for serologic classification?
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O antigen of lipopolysaccharide and H antigen of the flagellum
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What do the O antigen and H antigen determine?
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The O antigen determines sero-group. The H antigen determines serotype.
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What kind of bacteria is Proteus mirabilis?
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Gram negative rod
Facultative anaerobe |
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What charasteristic odor does Proteus mirabilis have?
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Burned chocolate
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What type of agar does Proteus mirabilis grow on?
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MacConkey and blood
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How does Proteus mirabilis produce a surface film on nonselective agar media?
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The colonies of P. mirabilis swarm to produce the surface film
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Which birds do not exhibit clinical signs but are possible reservoirs of West Nile Virus?
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Passerines
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What family of viruses does West Nile Virus belong to?
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Flaviridae (Arbovirus)
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What characteristics does the virus West Nile Virus have?
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Single sense
Positive sense RNA virus Host cell derived envelop |
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What are some modes of transmission of West Nile Virus in humans?
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Mosquito bite, organ transplant, blood transfusion, transplacentary, percutaneous inoculation, feather dust inhalation, consumption of infected tissues
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How do mosquitoes transmit West Nile Virus?
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They carry virus in saliva & infect birds when sucking blood. Vertical transmission in mosquitoes.
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What is a possible bridge vector (mosquito) for WNV?
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Culex tarsalis
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What % of humans infected with WNV are asymptomatic?
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~80%
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What % of humans infected with WNV get the "West Nile fever"?
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~20%
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What % of humans infected with WNV get CNS disease? And how many of those die?
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<1% get CNS disease and <0.1% are fatal
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What is the amplifying host of WNV?
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Birds
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Does WNV affect horses?
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Yes but in low magnitude and short duration
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Which clinical signs are seen in horses with WNV?
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Weakness, ataxia, paresis, head tremors, head tilt, head pressing, seizures, anorexia, fever, lip paralysis
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Which clinical signs are seen in birds with WNV?
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Weakness, depression, anorexia, ataxia, head tilt, blindness, sudden death
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What pathologies are found in WNV birds?
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Encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis, nephritis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, splenitis, retinitis, myositis
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What is the difference b/w seeing IgM or IgY in ELISA testing for WNV?
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IgM determines exposure was recent. IgY means it was chronic.
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What family is the Avian Influenza virus in?
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Orthomyxoviridae
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Which type of Avian Influenza causes epidemics and pandemics?
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Type A (there are type A, B, C)
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Why is a hen's skin paler than the normal yellow pigmentation of avians?
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Laying hens' color goes to yolk
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Where can sub-Q injections be given on a bird?
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Dorsal surface of neck-trunk junction, cranial skin fold of knee, and lateral side of thorax
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What are brooding patches on avians?
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Brooding patches develop on the breast and are characterized by feather loss and thickening, edema, and increased vascularity. This occurs during brooding period for more efficient incubation of the eggs.
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Which species of birds have more fat in their sub-Q layer?
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Aquatic & artic species like penguins, ducks, geese, & swans, and migratory species before migration
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What is the function of the comb, wattles, and ear lobes of the chicken?
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Ornamental outgrowths of skin. They are thick and vascular, which makes them a risk of infection.
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What are the parts of the beak of a bird called?
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Rhamphotheca is the name of the horny cover. Rhinotheca is the upper jaw. Gnathotheca is the lower jaw.
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Which birds have a cere on their rhamphotheca, which encloses the nares?
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Psittacines, pigeons, and raptors
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What are the 3 types of feet a bird can have?
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Anisodacyl (3 toes facing forward and 1 backward)
Palmate (3 toes facing forward are webbed) Zygodactyl (2nd & 3rd toe face forward and 1st & 4th toe face back) |
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What kind of birds are anisodactyl?
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Most birds are anisodactyl b/c they are adapted for perching or holding prey
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What kind of birds are palmate?
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Waterfowl
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Which birds are zygodactyl?
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Psittacines, which use their feet for grasping and climbing
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What are the 3 skin glands of a bird?
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Sebaceous uropygial gland, aural gland, and vent gland
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Where is the sebaceous uropygial gland found?
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Located dorsal to the vertebrae that form the short tail. Its fatty secretion emerges from paired openings atop a small cutaneous papilla.
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What is the function of the uropygial gland?
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Lipid secretion is carried to body & wing feathers during preening. Waterfowl use it to waterproof their feathers and insulate the submerged part of the body. Bilipid layer also forms a protective bacteriostatic layer.
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Where are the aural glands found? And what do they do?
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Aural sebaceous glands around the external ear secrete a waxy substance
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What is the function of the vent gland?
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Vent glands secrete mucus. Their function is uncertain but may be linked to internal fertilization.
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How do birds lose heat?
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The absence of sweat glands means that the birds have to lose heat through their skin and by evaporation from the respiratory system
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What takes the place of lips and teeth in birds?
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Beak and ventriculus
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What is the name of the long median cleft on the palate that connects with the nasal cavity?
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Choana
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What is shorter, more caudal cleft that is the common opening of the auditory tubes?
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Infundibular cleft
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In what bird do the choana and infundibular cleft open together?
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Budgerigar
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Do birds have an epiglottis?
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No, just a glottis (median slit)
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Where is the crop located?
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At the thoracic inlet the ventral wall of the chicken's esophagus is greatly expanded to form the crop, which bulges farther to the right and lies against the breast muscles
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What is the function of the crop?
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It stores food for short periods when the muscular stomach is full
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Which species don't have crops?
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Owls, gulls, and penguins
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What is crop milk?
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During brooding, the large symmetrical crop of both male and female pigeons elaboratoes a crumbly material (crop milk) consisting of desquamated lipid-laden epithelial cells; mixed with ingested food, it is regurgitated and fed to the nestlings in the first days after hatching
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How is the stomach of fish- and flesh-eating birds different from herbivorous birds?
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Fish- and flesh-eating birds chemically digest their food, while herbivorous birds mechanically reduce their diet.
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What kind of stomach do domestic poultry have? What are the 2 compartments?
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The stomach of these birds is divided by an isthmus into a predominantly glandular proventriculus and a predominantly muscular ventriculus (gizzard)
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Which lobe of the liver is the proventriculus in contact with?
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Left
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Which is larger: proventriculus or gizzard?
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Gizzard
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What are the two kinds of epithelial cells in the glands of the proventriculus?
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Oxynticopeptic cells that produce both hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen.
Cells that produce mucus. |
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What forms the layer of koilin in the ventriculus (gizzard)?
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The tubular glands on the mucous membrane form, catalyzed by the low pH dye to the hydrochloric acid from the proventriculus, a hard cuticle of koilin (a carbohydrate-protein complex). It obtains a yellow-green color from the bile refluxed from the duodenum.
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Where is protein digested in the bird?
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Gizzard
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How is the jejunum in duck & geese different from jejunum in pigeons?
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In ducks & geese, the jejunum is arranged in several U-shaped loops. In the pigeon, it forms a cone-shaped mass with outer centripetal and inner centrifugal turns.
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Where does bacterial breakdown of cellulose occur?
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In the ceca
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What are the 3 divisions of the cloaca?
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Coprodeum, urodeum, and proctodeum
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What divides the 3 divisions of the cloaca?
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2 more or less complete annular folds
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Where is the bursa of Fabricius located?
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Dorsal wall of the proctodeum
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What is stored in the coprodeum?
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Feces
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What is the coprodeum a continuation of?
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Colorectum
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What is the function of the coprodeum in some desert species (i.e. budgerigar)?
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It is lined with villi and is a site of water absorption
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What binds the coprodeum caudally? And what does it cause?
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Bounded caudally by the coprourodeal fold, which may be stretched by the pressure of the feces so that its central opening is everted through the vent
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Why is the avian liver yellow during the first 2 weeks of life? And what color is it normally?
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Avian liver is dark brown, except in the first 2 weeks after hatching when it obtains a yellow color from yolk pigments, which continue to be absorbed from the intestine before the yolk sac finally regresses
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What lobes does an avian liver have?
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Right and left lobes with left lobe divided
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Which liver lobe carries the gallbladder?
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Larger right lobe carries the gallbladder
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Where are the bile ducts of avian located?
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Two bile ducts, one from each lobe, enter the distal end of the duodenum close to the pancreatic ducts.
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Which bile duct is connected to the gallbladder?
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Only the duct from the right lobe is connected to the gallbladder
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Which avians lack a gallbladder?
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Pigeons, most parrots, budgerigars, and struthioformes
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Are hepatic lobules apparent on avian liver?
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Except near the hilus, the hepatic lobules are indistinct b/c of the lack of perilobar CT
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What lobes do avian pancreas have?
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It consists of dorsal and ventral lobes distally connected
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How many pancreatic ducts do birds have?
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2 or 3 ducts convey pancreatic juice into the distal end of the duodenum
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What shape does the avian spleen have? And where is it located?
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It is a brownish-red sphere, about 2 cm in diameter, and lies in the median plane beside the proventriculus. It is triangular in the duck & goose, oval in the pigeon, round in psittacines, and elongated in Passeriforms.
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What allows a continuous air flow in birds as opposed to the "in and out" tidal flow in mammals?
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The segregation of ventilation (air sacs) and exchange (lungs)
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What is the difference b/w a mammal's diaphragm and a bird's?
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They do not have a muscular diaphragm. Its place is taken by a passive horizontal septum that merely holds the viscera in place.
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What is the vocalization organ of birds?
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Syrinx
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What is the difference b/w mammal tracheal rings and birds'?
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Birds have closed and possibly mineralized tracheal rings
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What is the name of the horny flap over the nares of a bird?
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Operculum
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The nasal cavity is in communication with the oropharynx through the _________
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Choana
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What are the 3 conchae that are in the nasal cavity of a bird?
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Rostral, middle, and caudal
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Which conchae enclose recessed that communicate with the nasal cavity?
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Rostral & middle conchae
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Which conchae encloses a diverticulum of the infraorbital sinus?
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Caudal conchae
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In what type of birds does the infraorbital sinus become superficial ventromedial to the orbit?
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Psitaccines
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What enables seabirds to drink seawater?
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The salt gland, which secretes a hypertonic sodium chloride solution only in marine (and a few other) species.
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Where is the syrinx located?
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At the tracheal bifurcation
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What side can the trachea be palpated on?
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Right
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What is the difference b/w a penguin's trachea and most other birds?
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In penguins, a median septum divides the trachea into left and right tubes
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What separates the bronchial openings in birds? And which bird is missing them?
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Pessulus, a short vertical bar. In psittacines, a median pessulus is missing.
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What is on the left side of the syrinx on the male duck and swan? And what is it believed to be?
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Osseous bulla, believed to be a resonator
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Which muscles air in vocalization in birds?
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A small paired muscle, the sternotrachealis, and 3-5 pairs of syringeal muscles (depending on bird)
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What are the differences b/w avian lungs and mammalian lungs?
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Avian lungs are relatively small, unlobed, bright pink, nonexpansile, firmer, don't cover the lateral surfaces of the heart, no pleural cavity, and much more efficient in capture of oxygen
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Why are avian lungs somewhat firmer than mammalian lungs?
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B/c they contain far more cartilage
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Why don't avian lungs have a pleural cavity?
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B/c the capacity for expansion is negligible
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How many secondary bronchi are given off by the primary bronchus (mesobronchus)?
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40-50
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How are secondary bronchi classified?
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Medioventral, mediodorsal, lateroventral, and laterodorsal according to the general areas of the lung they supply
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Where does gas exchange take place?
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Parabronchi
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What is paleopulmo vs. neopulmo?
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Paleopulmo is formed by the loops of bronchi arising from medioventral and mediodorsal bronchi. Neopulmo is formed by the parabronchi from the smaller lateroventral and laterodorsal bronchi.
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What makes up 75% of the lung tissue?
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Paleopulmo, the functional division
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Why is capture of oxygen in birds much more efficient than in mammals?
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Thin blood-gas barrier, cross-current blood flow, one way air flow, and pulmonary rigidity
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What is the downside of the efficiency of gas exchange in birds?
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Makes them much more susceptible to inhaled toxins and infections
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What are some characteristics of Pasteurella multocida?
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Nonmotile
Gram-negative Coccobacillary to rod-shaped |
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Where is Pasteurella multocida normally found?
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Normal oropharyngeal flora in many vertebrate species, but can also be primary or opportunistic pathogens
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What are some important livestock diseases caused by Pasteurella multocida?
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Fowl cholera in birds, hemorrhagic septicemia in ungulates, and atrophic rhinitis in swine
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What type of agar is needed to culture Pasteurella multocida?
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Blood or chocolate agar
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What are the 2 serological methods used to type P. multocida strains?
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Passive hemagglutination test and gel diffusion immunoprecipitation test
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What does the passive hemagglutination test do?
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It utilizes RBCs sensitized with capsular antigens and recognizes 5 serogroups (A, B, D, E, F) based primarily on capsular polysaccharide
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What does the gel diffusion immunoprecipitation test do?
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It recognizes 16 serotypes based on expressed lipopolysaccharide antigens.
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When using the standard serotyping system for P. multocida, what would the designation of A:1 mean?
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A is the capsular type and 1 is the LPS type
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What test would be used to distinguish P. multocida from other bacterial species?
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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What are the virulence factors of P. multocida?
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Capsule, P. multocida toxin, iron-regulated & iron-acquisition proteins, LPS, adhesions & outer membrane proteins, and sialometabolism
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What are the differences b/w the capsular composition of Type A, D, & F strains of P. multocida?
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Type A's capsule is composed primarily of hyaluronic acid. Type D's capsule is made of unmodified heparin. Type F's capsule is made of unmodified chondroitin.
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What do all the capsular polysaccharides in those strains of P. multocida have in common?
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Those capsular polysaccharides are all glycosaminoglycans.
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What role do glycosaminoglycans play in capsules of this bacteria?
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The presence of these molecules in the eukaryotic host means that there is no, or very limited, host recognition of bacteria encapsulated by these polysaccharides. This molecular mimicry is critical for the bacteria to avoid host immune responses.
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Which capsular type is mainly responsible for expressing PMT (P. multocida toxin)?
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Capsular type D
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What disease does PMT cause?
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Atrophic rhinitis in pigs
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LPS is an important structural component of the gram-_________ outer membrane
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Negative
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Are LPS considered endotoxins or exotoxins?
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Endotoxins
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Which capsular types generally cause Fowl Cholera?
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Capsular types A & F
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Which capsular type causes Atrophic Rhinitis in swine?
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Capsular type D
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Which capsular types cause Hemorrhagic Septicemia in ungulates?
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Capsular types B & E
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How does the P. multocida infection get to the blood?
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When inoculated at the trachea, it colonizes the lower resp. tract and passes readily into the vascular system. This may be facilitated by macrophages.
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Why is P. multocida resistant to phagocytosis?
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B/c of it's capsule. It can only be phagocytized if opsonized
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What are some drawbacks of the bacterins for P. multocida?
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They are short-term, serotype-specific immunity, with sometime variable efficacy, and they must be delivered by injection
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What are the pro's and con's of live attenuated vax for P. multocida?
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They can be administered in food/water and give better cross-serotype protection, but they have caused disease under some circumstances.
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What is the cause of Fowl Cholera?
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From infection by Pasteurella multocida
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How soon after exposure can P. multocida cause death in birds?
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6-12 hours after exposure (more common to occur 24-48 after exposure)
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What factors can affect susceptibility of infection?
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Sex, age, genetic variation, immune status, nutritional status, strain virulence, and route of exposure
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What is the route of exposure for birds?
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Enters through mucous membranes of pharynx and upper airway. It can also enter membranes of eyes or through cuts.
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What are some source of infection for birds?
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Environmental contamination including water & wetlands, scavengers can spread the bacteria, other animals can be disease carriers and spread it through feces
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What are the routes of transmission?
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Scavenging diseased carcasses, bird-to-bird contact, aerosol transmission, biting insects that fed on contaminated carcass, animal bites, fomites
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Clinical signs of Fowl Cholera?
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Convulsions, swim in circles, through head back and die, erratic flying
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What gross lesions are seen upon necropsy of birds with Fowl Cholera?
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Heart hemorrhages, liver necrosis, & gizzard lesion with yellowish thick fluid.
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How long will water remain infective after dead birds have been removed?
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3 wks
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How long can the bacteria live in soil?
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4 months
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How long can the bacteria live in decaying dead carcasses?
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3 months
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Which are the air sacs in birds that extend into bones?
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The unpaired clavicular air sac and the paired cervical air sacs
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What 2 parts is the esophagus of birds divided into?
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Cervical and thoracic parts
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What kind of antibiotic is chlortetracycline?
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Broad-spectrum
Bacteriostatic |
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What is the MOA of chlortetracycline?
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Reversibly binds to 30s ribosomal subunit of susceptible organism. Interferes with protein synthesis.
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Why do tetracyclines not affect mammalian protein synthesis?
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They have a lower affinity for mammalian ribosomes
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Which air sacs are usually affected by Aspergillosis?
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Abdominal air sacs
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What type of bacteria has a relatively thick uniform cell wall which is composed mainly of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids?
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Gram +
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How are gram-neg. cell walls structured?
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Lipid bilayer with outer surface being composed of LPS.
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When do gram-neg. bacteria release the LPS endotoxin?
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After cell lysis
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What family does Avian Influenza belong to?
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Orthomyxoviridae
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What are some characteristics of Avian Influenza virus?
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Single stranded
Negative sense RNA Enveloped |
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What part of the Avian Influenza virus is responsible for attachment of the virus to cell receptors & fuse it with the cell membrane?
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The haemagglutinin (glycoprotein) on the surface of envelop
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Which is the type of influenza that infects birds?
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Influenza A
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What differentiates the different types of influenza viruses?
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Nucleocapsid or matrix antigen
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Where in the bird does Avian Influenza replicate?
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In the respiratory and intestinal tracts
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How is Avian Influenza transmitted?
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Aerosol from resp. tract or through feces
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Clinical signs of Avian influenza?
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Sudden onset of high flock mortality, cessation of egg-laying, resp. signs, rales, excessive lacrimation, sinusitis, edema on head/face, sometimes nervous signs
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What are the gross lesions seen on birds with Avian Influenza?
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In most severe cases, they show congestive and hemorrhagic lesions on the skin, liver, spleen, heart, kidney, and lungs
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How many air sacs do birds have? And which ones are they?
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9 - 2 cervical, 2 cranial thoracic, 1 clavicular, 2 caudal thoracic, 2 abdominal
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How do primary bronchi get to air capillaries? (what is in between those 2?)
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Primary bronchi --> 2ndary bronchi --> parabronchi --> atria --> infundibula --> air capillaries
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Which airs sacs are associated with paleopulmonic parabronchi?
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Cranial air sacs
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Which air sacs are associated with neopulmonic parabronchi?
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Caudal air sacs
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Airs sacs are considered continuations of __________ bronchi beyond the lungs
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Secondary
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During inspiration, which parabronchi does the air have to pass to get to the cranial air sacs?
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Paleopulmonic
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Which parabronchi does the air have to pass to get to the caudal air sacs?
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Neopulmonic
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What is the pathway of air in & out of birds' lungs/air sacs?
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Air enters thru nares, larynx, trachea & into abdominal air sacs --> to lungs --> to cervical, clavicular, & cranial thoracic air sacs --> exits through trachea
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What are the clinical signs of Duck Viral Enteritis (duck plague)?
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Photophobia, ataxia, seizures, penile prolapse, lethargy, hemorrhagic diarrhea, seranguinous nasal discharge
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What is the most notable finding at necropsy of a duck with Duck Viral Enteritis?
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Hemorrhagic bands on the small intestine
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What causes Duck Viral Enteritis?
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Herpes virus (only 1 serotype is known)
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How is Duck plague transmitted?
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Through feces, bodily discharges, soiled drinking water
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When do most outbreaks of Duck Viral Enteritis occur?
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March - June
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Which species are affected by the duck plague?
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Ducks, geese, swans, of all ages
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What are the clinical signs of duck plague?
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High mortality, droopy appearance, slow movements w/ hanging wings, bloody nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, hoarse noise , polydipsia
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Which characteristic position do birds with duck viral enteritis usually die in?
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With neck twisted downwards, sidewards, or backwards
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What internal lesions are seen at necropsy of a bird with duck viral enteritis?
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Hemorrhagic enteritis, hemorrhagic pharyngitis, esophagitis, cloacitis, hemorrhagic ovaritis, tissue hemorrhage, digestive mucosal eruptions
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How long is the incubation period for duck viral enteritis?
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3-7 days
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How can duck viral enteritis be treated and/or controlled?
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No tx. is known. Vaccination may control the problem by limiting the damage.
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Which immune cell is different in birds from mammals?
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Birds have heterophils instead of neutrophils
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What is the difference in granulocyte products in birds?
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Birds have beta-defensins instead of alpha-defensins as mammals have
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Do mammals or birds have strong oxidatice response to granulocyte products?
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Mammals have strong oxidative response. Birds have little oxidative response.
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What do defensins do?
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They are small cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides that create pores in microbial membranes
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What type of cells have alpha-defensins?
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Primarily in phagocytic cells (non-avian)
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What type of cells have beta-defensins?
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Many cells, especially mucosal epithelial cells. They also act as chemoattractants.
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What do lysozymes do?
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They hydrolyze bacterial cell walls to facilitate phagocytosis
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Is there a difference b/w mammal interleukins and birds interleukins?
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No
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Where are stem cells located in birds? In mammals?
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Mammals' stem cells are in fetal liver and bone marrow. Birds have them in yolk sac, fetal liver/spleen, and bone marrow.
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Bone marrow is the primary site of stem cell replication in _____________
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Mammals
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Where are primary lymphoid tissues located in mammals? In birds?
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Mammals: B cells (bone marrow, ileal peyers patches) & T cells (thymus)
Birds: B cells (bursa of Fabricius, spleen) & T cells (thymus) |
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Where are secondary lymphoid tissues located in mammals? In birds?
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Mammals: B cells (lymph nodes, MALT, spleen, tonsils) & T cells (l.n., MALT, spleen, tonsils)
Birds: B cells (spleen, Bursa) & T cells (cecal tonsil, MALT, spleen) |
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What immunoglobulin classes do birds have?
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IgM, IgA, IgY (remember: MAY)
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What mammalian immunoglobulin classes is IgY functionally similar to?
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IgG & IgE
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IgY is the primary antibody found in ___________
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Yolk sac (which is why it's called IgY)
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At what age do maternal antibodies in birds decline to low levels?
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By about 2 weeks of age
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Do mammals or birds have more immunoglobulin diversification?
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Mammals
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What are the birds' ways of immunoglobulin diversification?
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Gene conversion, somatic hypermutation, & can generate about 10^6 different Ig's
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How many Ig's can mammals generate?
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About 10^7
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What are some immunoglobulin diversification that mammals have that birds don't?
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Gene rearrangement, junctional base deletion & insertion
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What family does the Newcastle disease virus belong to?
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Paramoxyviridae
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What are some characteristics of the Newcastle disease virus?
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Single-stranded
Non-segmented Negative sense RNA Helical capsid symmetry |
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Where does the Newcastle disease intracellular virus replication take place?
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Entirely within the cytoplasm
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How many serotypes of avian paramyxovirus are there?
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9
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Which is the serotype that causes Newcastle disease?
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PMV-1
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How long is the incubation period for Newcastle disease?
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4-7 days
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What is the main source of infection of Newcastle disease?
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Smuggling of birds infected with NDV into the US
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How can Newcastle disease be transmitted?
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Resp./oral route, feces, eggshell contamination, mechanical vectors (wind, insects, humans, etc.), immune carrier birds
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What is the pathophys. of Newcastle disease?
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Virus replicates in cytoplasm. Attaches to host cell, fuses with host cell membrane, and nucleocapsid enters host cells. Virus infects RBCs and spreads throughout body.
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What are the clinical signs seen with Newcastle disease?
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Fluffed feathers, conjunctivitis, CNS signs, ataxia, wing/head tremors, head tilt, paralysis of extremities, blindness
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Treatment and prevention for Newcastle dz?
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No tx. No vax. Reportable dz. Imported birds must be quarantined for 30 days.
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What is END?
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Exotic Newcastle Disease
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How is END transmitted?
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Infected chickens shed virus thru resp. system & feces. Inhalation of virus is primary transmission (direct contact).
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END is zoonotic. How does it affect humans?
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It can colonize the conjunctiva of the human eye
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What are the clinical signs of END?
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Non-specific: sudden onset of mortality, sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, dyspnea, swelling around eye/head, green diarrhea, depression, weakness
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What is Southern Blot used for?
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Used to identify the size or abundance of a particular DNA molecule. ID's a particular gene fragment that contains the gene of interest.
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What does gel electrophoresis do?
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Separates DNA & RNA molecules by size (mw) or by shape. Gel acts as sieve & smaller molecules are able to migrate through pores faster.
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What are the 2 types of gel matrices used in gel electrophoresis?
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Polyacrylamide and agarose
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Which gel matrix has higher resolving ability?
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Polyacrylamide
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Which gel matrix has the ability to separate larger DNA molecules?
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Agarose
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What do restriction endonucleases do?
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They are used to cleave the DNA at certain sites and create manageable pieces of DNA so they can be analyzed
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At what segment does the EcoRI restriction enzyme cleave?
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-->5'-GAATTC-3'
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At what segment does the HindIII restriction enzyme cleave?
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-->5'-AAGCTT-3'
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What is the difference b/w cloaca temperature and internal core body temperature?
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Cloaca temperature is 2-3 degrees Celsius lower than internal core body temp.
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What is the range for normal bird temperature?
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100.4 - 105 degrees fahrenheit
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What is the normal resp. rate for birds?
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13-40 bpm in geese/swans and 30-90 bpm in ducks
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What is the normal heart rate in geese/swans and ducks?
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80-150 bpm in geese/swans and 180-230 bpm in ducks
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What are the clinical signs of lead toxicity in waterfowl?
|
Weakness, depression, bile-stained diarrhea, polyuria, anorexia, ataxia, tremors, blindness
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What are clinical signs dependent on?
|
Amount and rate of ingestion and type of grit in ventriculus
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How does lead cause toxicity?
|
It inhibits RBC production by inhibiting heme synthesis cascade
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What are some lesions caused by lead tox.?
|
Myocardial degeneration, hepatic atrophy & necrosis, renal tubular necrosis
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How do pesticides cause tox.?
|
They increase nerve firing rates by decreasing threshold of the action potential
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What CS are seen with pesticide tox.?
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Muscle fasciculations, convulsions, ataxia, wt. loss, egg shell thinning, and death
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What gross lesions are seen with pesticide tox.?
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None exept for wt. loss
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How do organophosphates and carbamates cause tox.?
|
Inhibit cholinergic nerve transmission by inhibiting cholinesterase
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Which botulinum would cause botulism in waterfowl?
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Toxin type C
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What are some characteristics of botulinum?
|
Gram positive
Anaerobic Bacilli |
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How does botulinum cause botulism?
|
Inhibits release of acetylcholine
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What are the clinical signs a/w botulism in waterfowl?
|
Depends on dose and time since ingestion - inability to walk or fly, ataxia w/ ascending paralysis, death caused by drowning, resp. failure, predation
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Which mycotoxin are young birds and mallard ducks susceptible to?
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Aflatoxin B1
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