Week 1 Chapter 1

Front 1

What are leaves

Back 1

the photosynthetic factories of the plant

Front 2

What are the function of leaves?

Back 2

Leaves are needed for photosyntehesis. They produce food for the whole plant

Front 3

What are the two parts of the leaf

Back 3

1)Blade

2) Petiole

Front 4

Blade

Back 4

Flat expanded area of the leaf

Front 5

Petiole

Back 5

The stalk that connects the leaf blade to the stem and transports materials

Front 6

Describe the leaf epidermis

Back 6

It is transparent and contains a waxy cuticle

Front 7

What is the purpose of the transparency of the epidermis

Back 7

This allows sunlight to go through the leaf

Front 8

What is the purpose of the waxy cuticle of the leaf

Back 8

It protects the plant from drying out

Front 9

What are the parts of the lower epidermis

Back 9

The stomata with guard cells

Front 10

Whats the purpose of the stomata with guard cells

Back 10

The y allow gas exchange of co2 h20 and 02

Front 11

What is vascular tissue?

Back 11

Vascular tissue is a complex conductingtissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants.

Front 12

What are the vascular tissue of plants collectively called?

Back 12

Veins

Front 13

What are the 3 parts of the veins of a plant

Back 13

1)xylem

2)phloem

3) bundle sheaths

Front 14

Xylem of the leaf

Back 14

Water transport

Front 15

Phloem of the leaf

Back 15

food transport

Front 16

bundle sheaths of the leaf

Back 16

cells surrounding the xylem/phloem for strength and support

Front 17

What is the mesophyll of the leaf

Back 17

The middle of the leaf

Front 18

What is the mesyphyll in the leaf made of

Back 18

photosynthetic ground cells

Front 19

What are the two types of photosynthetic ground cells

Back 19

1) Palisade parenchyma

2) Spongy parenchya

Front 20

Palisade parenchyma

Back 20

long columns below the epidermis that have a lots of chloroplast for photosyntehsis

Front 21

Spongy parenchym

Back 21

spherical cells with air spaces around for gas exchange.

Front 22

What are stems

Back 22

Organs of the plant that are usually found above groudn

Front 23

What are the 2 purposes of stems

Back 23

1)To support the leaves and fruit

2) to conduct water and sugars throughout the plant ( from the xylem and phloem)

Front 24

What are the tree parts of the stem vascular tissue

Back 24

1) The vascular bundles

2) Xylem

3)Phloem

Front 25

Vascualr bundles in stems

Back 25

composed of both xylem and phloem

Front 26

Xylem in stems

Back 26

Conducts water also important for support

Front 27

Phloem in stems

Back 27

Conducts food also important for support

Front 28

Vascular cambium in stems

Back 28

lateral meristem in vascular tissue

Front 29

Meristem cells in stems

Back 29

Tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells

Front 30

Epidermis in stems

Back 30

Dermal tissue type

Front 31

What is the purpose of the epidermis in stems

Back 31

Provides protection

Front 32

What is the purpose of the cuticle in stems

Back 32

to prevent wter loss

Front 33

What is the purpose of trichomes in stems

Back 33

the hairs are for protection, they release scents oils, etc.....

Front 34

What are the three types of tissues in the stem

Back 34

1) epidermis

2)Cuticle (wax)

3) Trhichomes (hairs)

Front 35

What are roots

Back 35

The hidden half of the plant

Front 36

What is the function of roots

Back 36

1) Ancorage

2) Absorption of water and dissolved minerals

3) Storage (surplus sugars, starch)

4) Conduction water/ nutrients

Front 37

What are the 3 divisors of the root

Back 37

1) Epidermis

2) Cortex

3) Vascualr cylinder

Front 38

What are the 4 parts of the vascular cylinder

Back 38

1) pericycle

2) endodermis

3)phloem

4)Xylem

Front 39

What are the 4 types of roots

Back 39

1) Tap root

2) Adventitious Roots

3) Aerial Roots

4) Fibrous Roots

Front 40

What is a tap root

Back 40

A root system where there is 1 main root, that is the continuation of the primary root T

Front 41

What are the 3 functions of this root

Back 41

1) Anchorage

2) greatest penetration for water.

3) Food storage.

Front 42

What is the primary root?

Back 42

the first root produced by a germinating seed, developing from the radicle of the embryo.

Front 43

What is the Fibrous root

Back 43

Many finely branched secondary roots. These roots are shallow and cover a large area

Front 44

What are fibrous roots effective for

Back 44

1) it has a very effecient absorption of water and minerals

2) The roots hold the soil to prevent erosion.

Front 45

What are aerial roots

Back 45

Roots that grow above ground

Front 46

What are the two types of aerial roots

Back 46

1) clinging air roots

2)Absorptive air roots

Front 47

Clinging air roots

Back 47

Short roots that grow horizontally from the stems. These roots fasten the plant to a support

Front 48

Absorptive air roots

Back 48

These roots absorb moisture from the air.

Front 49

Adventitios roots

Back 49

Roots developed in places other than the nodes. They form on cuttings for example the leaf or fruit of a plant.

Front 50

What is another name for the ground tissue in roots

Back 50

The cortex

Front 51

What is the function of the cortex in roots

Back 51

It provides support and often stores sugars and starch

Front 52

What is the outermost single layer of the root cell called

Back 52

The root epidermis

Front 53

What are the 2 purposes of the root epidermis

Back 53

1) protects the plant from diseases

2) Absorbs water and nutrients

Front 54

What are root hairs

Back 54

tubular extentions of epidermal cells

Front 55

What is the purpose of root hair

Back 55

it increases surface area of root, for better water/nutrient absorption

Front 56

What is the xylem in roots

Back 56

Long cells with thick wall cotnaining lignin

Front 57

What is the purpose of lignin

Back 57

lignin waterproofs walls of cells and strengthens them

Front 58

What is the purpose of the xylem in the roots

Back 58

It transports and and dissolved minerals

Front 59

How is the xylem formed

Back 59

Cells die and the ends decay forming a long tube, the lignin forms a sprial, annular rings or broken rings (reticulate), some lignification is not complete and pores are left called pits or bordered pits. this allows water to move between vessels or into living parts of the plant.

Front 60

What are the 5 parts of the water conducting cells of the xylem in the roots

Back 60

1) tracheids

2) vessel elements

3) pits

4) fibres for support

5) living parenchyma cells

Front 61

Tracheids in the roots

Back 61

long, thin tube like structures without perforations at the ends

Front 62

Vessel elements in roots

Back 62

Short, wide tubes perforated at the ends (together from a pipe called vessel)

Front 63

Pits

Back 63

A thin section on the walls of the tracheids and the vessel elements

Front 64

fibres in the xylem

Back 64

support

Front 65

Is the xylem dead or a live?

Back 65

The xylem consist of dead cells. they are hollow and consist only of a cell wall.

Front 66

What are the 5 adaptation of the xylem

Back 66

1) made of dead cells forming continuous columns

2) tubes are narrow so capilarry action is effective

3) Pits allow water to move sideways

4) lignin is strong and allows for stretching

5) flow of water is not impeded as: there are no end walls, no cell contents, no nucleus, lignin prevents tubes collapsing.

Front 67

What are the 4 parts of the phloem in the roots

Back 67

1) sieve plate

2) sieve tube member

3) companion cell

4) phloem parenchyma

Front 68

What is the purpsoe of the phloem

Back 68

To transport organic materials ( sugars)

Front 69

are the cells of the phloem alive or dead?

Back 69

alive however they lack a nucleus and organelles

Front 70

sieve tube members

Back 70

STM - the tube that the nutrients travel through

Front 71

Companion cells

Back 71

join sieve tube members and help to laod materials into stm

Front 72

sieve plates

Back 72

end walls of te sieve tube members having large pores

Front 73

Sieve tube elements

Back 73

not true cells because they have little cytoplasm

Front 74

How is a tube formed?

Back 74

the sieve tube elements line up end to end

Front 75

How is the sugar in the tube dissolved

Back 75

Sucrose is dissolved in water to form a sap.

Front 76

Describe 4 characteristics of the companion cells

Back 76

1) Large nucleus

2) dense cytoplasm

3) many mitochondria to load sucrose into sieve cells

4) Many plasmodesmata

Front 77

What are plasmodesmata

Back 77

gaps in cells walls between companion cells and sieve tubes for flow of minerals.

Front 78

Describe the 5 characteristics of the plasmalemma

Back 78

1) up to 50% phospholipid

2) up to 50% protein

3) forms a bialyer in water

4) impermeable to msot charged particles

5) made in the endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast and mitochondria

Front 79

Describe the protein in the plasma membrane

Back 79

some are fixed and some can move about within the cell.

Front 80

What is the 4 functions of the protein in the plasma membrane

Back 80

1Transporting molecules into and out of the cell

2) maintain cell structure

3) act as receptors

4) take part in chemical reactions as enzymes

Front 81

What is the general purpose of the protein vs lipids in the plasmalemma

Back 81

proteins: determine the shape and function of the cell

lipids: form the phospholipid bilayer which controls what enters the cell

Front 82

What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer

Back 82

phospholipids, which have a phosphate head and a fatty acid tail. Phosphate heads are water soluble while the tails are not. The phospholipids are arranged in the membrane so that the water soluble heads point toward the watery extracellular environment and the aqueous cytoplasm make up the inside of the cell. The tail ends, which are not water soluble, are oriented together in the middle of the membrane.