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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DESCRIBE THE MSK THORAX AND IT'S MOVEMENTS.
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-Thorax acts as protection of heart and lungs
-7 true ribs, 5 false ribs -On inhalation, ribs move as bucket handle outward (anteriorly) and laterally move upward as pump hanlde |
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DESCRIBE INSPIRATORY MUSCLES AND THEIR FUNCTION.
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-Diaphragm: dome shaped with central tendon as apex. Primary muscle. Innervated by C3-C5 from L and R Phrenic Nerves. R side higher b/c liver, L side lower b/c heart
-Intercostals: External and Internal, innervated by T1-T12 via intercostal nerves. -Accessory muscles: SCM, Traps, Scalenes, Pecs, Lats, Serratus Ant, Platysmus. (all used by ppl w/ COPD) |
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DESCRIBE EXPIRATORY MUSCLES.
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-Used for forced exhalation and cough
-Abdominals: Rectus Abd, Int and Ext Obliques, Transversus Abd. -Accessory Muscles: Transversus Thoracic, QL -Innervated from T6-L1 Intercostal and thoracic spinal nerve |
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EXPLAIN PATHWAY OF OXYGEN FROM ATMOSPHERE TO THE ALVEOLAR CAPILLARY MEMBRANE.
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-Oxygen moves through upper airways (trachea-carina-L&R mainstem bonchi) then through lower airways (RU,RM,RL segmental lobes, LU, LL segmental lobes)
-Segmental bronchii divide into lobular bronchioles then into terminal bronchioles then to respiratory bronchioles. Respiratory bronchioles into alveolar ducts and sacs=GAS EXCHANGE HERE! |
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WHY IS PULMONARY SURFACTANT IMPORTANT?
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Pulmonary surfactant is important for reducing the tendency of alveoli to collapse, decreases surface tension, and increases lung compliance
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DESCRIBE MOVEMENT OF BLOOD RETURNING FROM PERIPHERY THROUGH HEART TO PULMONARY AND PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION.
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Deoxygenated blood from periphery to superior vena cava (draining from head and neck) and inferior vena cava (trunk and LE) into RA ->tricuspid valve ->RV->pulmonic valve->pulmonary artery (PA still has deoxygenated blood, bifurcates to L and R lung where pick up O2 is picked up) ->Pulmonary veins (only vein with oxygenated blood) ->L Atrium -> mitral valve-> LV-> Aortic Valve->Aorta-> Systemic circulation
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WHAT DOES LEFT CORONARY ARTERY SPLIT INTO?
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LEFT CIRCUMFLEX AND LEFT ANTERIOR DESCENDING ARTERIES
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WHAT DOES LEFT CORONARY ARTERY FEED?
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-Left Atrium
-LV, part of RV -Anterior 2/3 septum -SA node in 40% |
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WHAT DOES THE RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY FEED?
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-Right Atrium
-Most of RV -Posterior 1/3 Septum -AV Node in 80% -SA Node in 60% |
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NAME PACEMAKER OF HEART AND PATHWAY OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION.
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-SA Node is pacemaker (60-100bpm).
-Pathway: SA Node-AV Node-Bundle of His-L and R Bundle Branches-Perkinje Fibers (in myocardial wals)-Ventricular Myocardium |
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WHAT ARTERY IN THE BODY CONTAINS DEOXYGENATED BLOOD?
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Pulmonary Artery
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NAME 5 CARDIAC RISK FACTORS.
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-Family Hx
-Age Men >45, Women >55 -Smoking -HTN -Diabetes |
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NAME 2 LAB VALUES TO HELP DIAGNOSE AN MI.
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-Cardiac Catherization: radioactive dye injected into coronary arteries to see where blockage is.
-Echocardiography: US of heart. Assesses heart valve function, degree of heart muscle contraction/motion, and ejection fraction |
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WHAT ARE NORMAL AND ABNORMAL BP, HR, AND RR?
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-HR 60-100, less than 60 brady, greater than 100 tachy
-BP less than 120/80. -RR 12-20 less than 12 bradypenia, greater than 20 tachypnea. |
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EXPLAIN THE RATE OF PERCEIVED EXERTION SCALE.
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-Subjective value to measure how hard a pt feels they are working. Closely correlates with HR when add a 0. 6-20 scale. Can change wording to have scale reflect dyspnea, etc
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EXPLAIN WHAT IS HAPPENING MECHANICALLY WITH S1 AND S2 HEART SOUNDS.
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S1- Closure of Mitral and Tricuspid valves and onset of ventricular systole. LUB
S2-Closure of pulmonic and aortic valves and onset of ventricular diastole. DUB. |
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EXPLAIN S3 HEART SOUND. WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
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S3 Ventricular Gallop. Extra sound heard at end. Lub Dub DUB. Best heard at L side Apex. (use bell). Indicator of CHF, heart is bogged down with extra fluid and doesn't have strong pump.
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EXPLAIN S4 HEART SOUND. WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
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S4- Atrial Gallop. Extra sound before. LA lub dub. Best heard at Apex (use bell). A STIFF wall. Seen with increased resistance to ventricular filling, also with HTN, CAD, CABG, MI, Pulmonary disease.
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