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91 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
XHTML
Extensible HyperText Markup Language
CSS
Cascading Style Sheets
ISP
Internet Service Provider
HTML
HyperText Markup Language
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
XML
Extensible Markup Language
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
URL
Uniform Resource Locator
DNS
Domain Name Service
URI
Uniform Resource Identifier
UDP
Uniform Datagram Protocol
URN
Uniform Resource Name
IP
Internet Protocol
XHTML __________ are the core components of XHTML documents and are used to describe the data in a document.
elements
Formatting Instructions are called
markup
________ define the text styles, formatting links, and other pieces of the document.
elements
a piece of an element
taag
All elements, except for empty elements, consist of three pieces:
a start tag, content, and an end tag.
are used primarily to describe pieces of data that don’t contain any content.
Empty elements
XHTML _____ are pieces of information that help to describe elements. Some elements have required attributes, others are optional and depend on the content that is being marked up.
attributes
Attributes are always contained within the start tag of an element

Names must be in lowercase letters.

Attributes must have a value that is surrounded by quotes.
attribute rules
XHTML Core Attributes
id
class
style
title
document wide unique id
id
list of classes of the element
class
associated style information
styles
advisory title amplification
title
Comments in XHTML look like
<!-- This is a comment -->
are notations that are ignored by programs and parsers.
Comments
The ___ ________ always appears as the first line in an XML document. It cannot be preceded by any blank lines or white space.
XML declaration
The ___ ______ defines which version of XML the document is using.
XML declaration
3 Verisons or Flavors of XHTML
Strict, Transitional, Frameset
Most used version of XHTML.
Closely resembles HTML 4.01
Best choice when documents need to use HTML's presentational elements or pages need to be developed without style sheets
Transitional Version
used when your documents need to use the frame elements that partition the browser into multiple independent windows
Frameset Version
most closely represents the future of XHTML

contains a subset of the elements from XHTML Transitional, but does not include support for strictly presentational elements or elements that will not likely be included in future versions of XHTML.

Use this type with CSS
Strict Version
<HTML>

<HEAD>
<TITLE></title>
<style>
</style>
</head>

<body>
<!--- stuff goes in here -->
</body>
</html>
Set up of document
XHTML documents contain the XML and DOCTYPE declarations at the top of the document. The XML declaration is optional but the DOCTYPE declaration is required. The DOCTYPE declaration was optional in HTML. These are lines 1 and 2 in the XHTML document on page 42.
Differences Between HTML And XHTML
XHTML documents must be well formed, meaning that they need to adhere to the syntax rules for the language. HTML, however, does not strictly require that documents be well formed.
Differences Between HTML And XHTML
XHTML is not dependent on a single document type or set of markup elements, like HTML. XHTML can be extended or used in conjunction with other markup languages.
Differences Between HTML And XHTML
XHTML element and attribute names must be lowercase. XHTML elements and attributes are case sensitive, while HTML elements and attributes are not. In our examples on pages 37 and 42, notice that the HTML elements are all uppercase: <HTML>, <STRONG>, </BODY>. This was done simply as a matter of style. These tags could have been written in lowercase or a combination of upper and lowercase, and HTML would still have interpreted them correctly: <html>, <Strong>, </Body>. The XHTML document, on the other hand, must have all of its tags and attributes in lowercase.
Differences Between HTML And XHTML
For nonempty elements, XHTML requires end tags. An empty element is an element that does not contain an end tag. This is not a requirement for HTML, as the HTML element set contains a subset of elements that do not have end tags. In the XHTML code on page 42, notice that these elements are written a little differently: <br /> and <p />, In XHTML, all elements must either have an end tag or end in />.
Differences Between HTML And XHTML
Attribute values must always be quoted in XHTML. This was not a requirement in HTML. The following is valid in HTML:
<img src=picture.gif>

The attribute src has a value of picture.gif assigned to it. However, the same line in an XHTML document places quotes around the value of the attribute:
<img src=“picture.gif” />
Differences Between HTML And XHTML
All XHTML documents must contain the root element <html> and cannot contain more than one root element.
Syntax Rules For Well-formed XML Documents
All elements must have a start and end tag, such as:
<h1> . . . </h1>
The exception is an empty tag, which must have a forward slash (/) before the end tag. An example of the shorthand notation is: <br />.
Syntax Rules For Well-formed XML Documents
Elements must be nested properly and cannot overlap. Each element must be contained completely inside of its parent element. This rule is the same as for mathematical functions such as: (x * [ y + z]). Notice that there are two parts to this equation, one is surrounded by the parentheses and the other by brackets. The subequation [y +z] is entirely contained within the outer equation, which is delineated by the parentheses. It is illegal to write the equation like this: (x * [y + z ) ].
Example of illegally nested elements:
<h1> <strong> . . .</h1> </strong>
Example of legally nested elements:
<h1> <strong>. . . </strong> </h1>
Syntax Rules For Well-formed XML Documents
All attributes must have a value, and that value must be enclosed in quotes. Both double and single quotes are allowed and can be nested, as long as you are consistent and you do not use the same type of quote twice. Here are some valid examples:
Single quotes: <img src=‘picture.gif’ />
Double quotes: <img src=“picture.gif” />
Nested quotes:
<img src=“picture.gif” alt=“Image of ‘Starry Night’ by Van Gogh” />
Syntax Rules For Well-formed XML Documents
Attributes must be placed in the start tag of an element, and no attribute can appear more than once. Here is an invalid example:
<a href=“page2.html” href=“page3.html”> Click here</a>
Syntax Rules For Well-formed XML Documents
Element names are case sensitive, for example, <TITLE> and </title> are both legal beginning and ending tags in HTML, because it is not case sensitive. In XHTML, all tags must be lowercase, so <TITLE> would produce an error.
Syntax Rules For Well-formed XML Documents
Always Validate with a W3 validator
Always Validate with a W3 validator
The elements that makeup the framework are:
<html>, <head>, <title>, and <body>.
is the root element of an XHTML document, within which every other element in the document is contained
<html>
The start _______ tag comes directly after the <html> start tag in an XHTML document. This element must be placed inside the <html> element.
<head>
defines the title of the document.
<title>
<base>
defines the document base URL, which is used for relative links in the document.
<link> -
defines the relationship of this document to other documents.
<meta> -
defines additional information about the document, including the document’s content type and special instructions for browsers and search engines.
<script>
defines links to scripts used within the document, such as Javascript.
<style>
defines links to style sheets to be used within the document, such as CSS.
element is the only required element within the <head> element. It must be contained within the open and close tags of the <head> element.


There can only be one of these per document
<title>
The ___ element contains the content and all of the markup elements of the document.
<body>
Block Level Formatting Elements
<p>
<br />
<h1>
<hr / >
<div>
describe blocks of content.
block-level elements
The element that divides content into paragraphs.
<p>
line break element.
< br />
heading elements
<h1> to <h6>
horizontal rule element
<hr />
The __ element is used to divide sections of content. This element is used to label sections of the document, and can contain any number of other elements.
<div>
Text formatting elements are referred to as
character-level elements
Text formatting elements are referred to as character-level elements because, unlike the block-level elements, which describe blocks of content, these elements describe the text itself.
Text formatting elements are referred to as character-level elements because, unlike the block-level elements, which describe blocks of content, these elements describe the text itself.
______ describe the formatting of words or phrases as opposed to sections or paragraphs
Character-level elements
There are two basic groups of text formatting elements:
presentation styles, and logical styles.
describe how the text should be displayed, in bold type or italics, for example.
Presentational styles
describe the meaning of the style more than the actual format.
Logical styles
Presentation text formatting elements ..some of them
<b>
<i>
<small>
<sub>
<sup>
formatting describe the meaning of the style more than the actual format.
Logical text formatting
Logical Text formatting Examples::
<cite>
<code>
<em> - italics
<strong> - bold
<span> - provides a logical inline grouping with no predefined look
elements are most often used in conjunction with style sheets (as we will see later) to avoid the default rendering of elements.
The <div> and <span>
__is a block element where ____ is an inline element.
<div> , <span>
A____ element induces a hard return while the inline ____ does not.
<div> <span>
A character entity is written in the following syntax: &code;. It begins with an ampersand (&) character, then the code for the entity, then a semicolon (;).
character entity code
Character Entity codes
> - &gt;
< &lt;
Trademark - &trade;
Copyright - &copy;

None breaking space - &nbsp; or &160;
three types of lists
numbered, bulleted, and definition.
<ol>
<ul>
<dl>
List tags
are numbered and are contained within the <ol>…</ol> ,
Ordered lists
are bulleted instead of numbered
unordered lists
are lists of terms and their definitions
definition lists ..
have inside <dl> and <dt> are the tags
an object in a Web page that when clicked will redirect the browser to another Web page or file.
Hyperlink
The resource being linked to by the hyperlink is called the
target resource.
The ____ in XHTML is used to create hyperlinks.
The <a> or anchor element
are used to link documents that reside on the same Web server.
Relative URLs
are used to link documents that reside on different Web servers.
Absolute URLs
If you are working with a large document, you may want to create links to sections within that document.
For example, you may want to create a link at the bottom of the document that links to back to the top of the document, or a link that will take you to a footnote at the bottom of a page from within the body of the document.
You see internal linking quite often when viewing on-line tutorials, or documentation in which each chapter is linked from one to the next and even pages within a chapter are linked from one to the next.
Internal Linking