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133 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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breaking down of rock and other substances at earth's surface
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weathering
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movement of rock particles by wind, water, ice or gravity
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erosion
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2 types of weathering
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mechanical and chemical
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the type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces is called ________ weathering
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mechanical
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List 5 forces of mechanical weathering
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freezing , thawing, releasing pressure, growth of plants, action of animals,
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what is abrasion
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abrasion is the grinding away of rock by rock particles carried by water, ice, wind or gravity
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ice wedging cycle -
1. water seeps into cracks 2. _______ 3. ice widens cracks 4. ________ |
2. freezes, forms ice & expands
4. melts, seeps deeper and freezes and thaws over and over |
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the process that breaks down rock through chemical change is _______ weathering
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chemical
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list 5 agents of chemical weatehring
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water, oxygen, co2, living organisms, acid rain
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t or f
chemical weathering produces rock particles with the SAME mineral makeup as the rock they came from |
FALSE
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true or false false
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it causes iron to rust
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oxygen
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it's caused by pollution
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acid rain
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it's the most important agent
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water
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it forms carbonic acid
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carbon dioxide
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lichens are one example
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living organisms
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t or f
water weathers rock by gradually dissolving it |
TRUE
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oxygen weathers rock through a process called
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chemical weathering
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list two kinds of rock that are easily weathered by carbonic acid
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marble & limestone
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how do plants dissolve rock
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plants dissolve rock by producing a weak acid that slowly dissolve rock around the roots of a plant
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the most importnat factors that determine the rate of weathering are type of rock and ______
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climate
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t or f
the minerals that make up a rock determine how fast it weathers |
TRUE
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a rock that is full of tiny, connectd air spaces is said to be
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PERMEABLE
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why does a permeable rock weather chemically at a fast rate
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a permeable rock weathers chemically at a fast rate because as water seeps through the spaces in the rock, it removes dissolved material formed by weathering
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why does chemical weathering occur more quickly in a hot climate
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chemical weathering occurs more quickly in a hot climate because heat produces moisture & rain. The rainfall provides the water needed for chemical changes
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what is weathering
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the breaking down of rocks/substances on earth's surface
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what is erosion
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movement of ice particles by wind, water, ice or gravity
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2 types of weathering
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mechanical (break cookie in 2)
chemical (dough - heat- cookie) |
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what is mechanical weathering
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when rocks are physically broken into smaller pieces
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small pieces have the _____ compsition (make up)
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same
examples - cracked/peeling in layers |
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name 4
forces of mechanical weathering (breaks rocks into pieces by doing this) |
freezing and thawing
releasing pressure growth of plants action of animals |
freezing and thawing
releasing pressure growth of plants action of animals |
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what is abrasion
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grinding away of rock particles carried by water, ice, wind and gravity
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mechanical weathring works
fast or slow? |
slowly
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what is the most cause of weathering
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freezing and thawing of water
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water seeps into cracks and expand when frozen and actics like a ____
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wedge
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what is ice wedging
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when wedge of ice widens and cracks
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what is chemical weathering
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breaks down rocks due to chemical change
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what is the main agent (cause) of chemical weathering
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water
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what is the most important cause of dissolving rock
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oxygen
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oxidation in rust - makes rock soft & crumbly
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c02 (cardon dioxide)
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carbonic acid
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living organisms
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plant roots produce acids that discove rock
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acid rain
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what are factors?
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factors that determine how fast rock weathers
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what is permeable
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allows water to seep in easily due to air spaces
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mechanical and chemical weathering happen _____ in wet places
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faster
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_____ weathering happens faster at higher temperatures
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chemical
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some organisms make
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humas
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examples of life in soil
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plant roots, earthworms, fungi, bacteria, ants, animals, insects
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what is litter
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the loose layer of dead plant leaves and stems on the surface of the soil
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what are decomposers
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soil organism that breaks down the remains of organisms and digests them
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4 main types of decomposers
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fungi, protists, bacterais, worms
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different climates and bedrock (plant life) determine what?
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type of soil
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soil is classified by _____, ______ and _______
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climate, region and composition
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7 major types of soil in N.A.
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tundra soils, Northern Forest soils, Prairie soils, mountain soils, southern forest soil, desert soil, tropical soil
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the loose, weathered material on Earth' surface in which plants can grow is
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soil
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how does soil form
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soil forms as rock is broken down by weathering and mixes with other materials on the surface
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the solid layer of rock beneath the soil is called
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bedrock
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what two factors determine the type of rock particles and minerals in any given soil
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bedrock and the type of weathering
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what are the 3 types of weathered rock particles found in soil
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sand, silt, clay
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the decayed organic material in soil is called
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humus
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list the soil particles from largest to smallest
sand, gravel, clay, silt (put these in order) |
gravel, sand, silt, clay
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soil that is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand, and silt is called
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loam
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what is the makeup of soil horizon A
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topsoil
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what is the makeup of soil horizon B
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subsoil
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what is the makeup of soil horizon C
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rock particles
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how do soil organisms improve soil
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by mixing the soil and making spaces in it for air and water
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T or F
animals contribute most of the organic remains that form humus |
f
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as plants shed leaves, they form a loose layer called
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litter
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soil organisms that turn dead organic matter into humus are called
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decomposer
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list the main soil decomposers (4)
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fungi, protists, bacteria, worms
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give 2 examples of fungi
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molds, mushrooms
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t or f
earthworms do most of the work of mixing humus with other materials in soil |
t
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how can burrowing mammals improve soil
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by breaking up hard, compacted soil and mixing humus through it
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what kind of soil is best for growing plants
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loam
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what did george washington carver teach the farmers in the south
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he taught new methods of soil conservation
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define erosion
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the process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves weathered rock and soil
MOVEMENT |
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define weathering
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the chemical and physical processes that BREAK DOWN rock at earth's surface
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list 2-3 ways in which plant roots are involved in weather of rocks and/or making soil
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1. hold soil in place
2. acids - break down rocks |
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define abrasion
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GRINDING away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice or wind
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what is contour plowing
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is plowing fields along the surves of a slope to prevent soil loss
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when ______ becomes dissolved in rainwater and sinks into the soil, the result is an acid that can weather marble
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carbon dioxide
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an area's ________ and plant life determine what type of soil forms
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climate
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define humus
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dark colored organic material in soil
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what is the dust bowl
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the area of the great plains where wind erosion & drought caused soil loss during the 1930's
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t or f
the most important agent of chemical weathering is abrasion. **if false, give correct answer |
FALSE
*water |
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t or f
carbon dixoide is the gas that causes iron to oxide |
f
*oxygen |
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t or f
freezing and thawing are chemical weathering |
f
*mechanical |
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t or f
acide rain is a form of chemical weathering |
t
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how do plants caused mechanical weathering?
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by entering the spaces in the rock and growing, they break the rock into pieces
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how does contour plowing conserve soil
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by slowing down runoff of excess rainfall and prevents it from washing away
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how could another dust bowl occur? what 2 factors would contribute?
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by farmers plowing again, exposing the soil during a drought, so the soil will blow away.
1. plowing to expose soil 2. drought and heavy winds |
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what CHEMICAL WEATHERING evidence might you observe on a rock that contains iron
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the rion in the rock would ruse and water would dissolve it because of oxidation
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what MECHANICAL weather would you observe on a rock that contains iron
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freezing and thawing would split the rock in pieces
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what are some factors that help weathering
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heat, cold, water, ice, oxygen, carbon dioxide
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what do weathering and eroision work together to do
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wear down and carry away rocks
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what are some examples of mechanical weathering
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cracked, peeling in layers
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what are some forces of mechanical weathering
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freezing & thawing
releasing pressure plant growht actions of animals abrasion |
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does mechanical weathering work fast or slow
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slow
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what is the main agent that causes chemical weathering
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water
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what is the most important cause of dissolving rock in chemical weathering
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water
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what is burned fuels that mix with water & cause rapid chemical weathering. "eats" away rock
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acid rain
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what are plant roots that produce acids that dissolve rock
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living organism
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mechanical & chemical weathering happen (slower/faster) in wet places
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fasher
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what are the most fertile soil in the world
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priairies
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soil damage -
sil can be ______ (loss its fertility) due to 1 crop growth |
exhausted
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how can soil be damaged?
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*lost to erosion by water & wind
*soil is washed away when not protected by plant cover *plant roots hold soil together |
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the texture of soil depends on what?
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how it appears and feels
the individual soil particles |
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what is the A horizon
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made up of top soil, a crumbly, dark brown soil that is a mixture of humus, clay and other materials
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what is the B horizon
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often called subsoil, usually consists of clay, and other particles washed down from the a horizon, BUT LITTLE HUMUS
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what is the C horizon
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contains only partly weathered rock
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some organisms make _______ for air and water
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spaces
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some organisms make _____
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humus
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soil is classified by
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climate, region and coposition
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major types of soil in N.A.
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tundra, norther forest, prairie, mountain, souther forest, desert, tropical
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the thick mass of tough roots at the surface of the soil is called
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sod
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t or f
prairie soils are no longer amount the most fertile soils in the world |
F - they ARE the most fertile soils
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why is soil one of earth's most valuable resources
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because of its limited supply
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t or f
soil can be found wherever weathering occurs |
t
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t or f
soil is a nonrenewable resource |
f
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soil formation takes a long time
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t
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fertle soil is plentiful
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f
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half of earth has soils good for farming
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f
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how can soil be damanged
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by losing its fertility and dry up
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how can plants protect soil from water eroision
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by plants breaking the force of falling rain and plant roots hold soil together
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t or f
the great plains are farther west than the prairies |
t
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the great plains are drier than the prairies
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t
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the great plains begin at the appalachian mountains
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f
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the great plains have never been farmer or used for ranches
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f
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which 3 states were part of the dust bowl
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oklahoma, kanasa, texas
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the management of soil to prevent its destruction is referred to as
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soil conservation
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why did the dust bowl lead to the adoption of modern methods of soil conservation
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because farmers realized they weren't taking care of the soil and started to take care of their land
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type of plowing that conserves soil AND involves plowing along curves
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contour plowing
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type of plowing that conserves soil AND disturbs soil as little as possible
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conservation plowing
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how can livestock damage soil
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because the grass protecting the soil may be damaged which exposes wind and water erosion to the soil
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