Weather - Chapters 5, 6, & 7

Front 1

What are the unique qualities of water?

Back 1

-Occur naturally in 3 phases )liquid, gas, solid)
-has greater heat capacity than air or solid
-has greater specific heat

Front 2

What is heat capacity?

Back 2

the ratio of the amount of heat energy absorbed by a substance to its corresponding temperature rise.

Front 3

What is specific heat?

Back 3

The amount of heat energy that must be absorbed by one gram of a substance to raise its temperature by 1 degree C.

Front 4

Latent Heat of Fusion

Back 4

Ice to liquid
-Requires 80 cals (absorbed) from surrounding environment.

Front 5

Latent Heat of Vaporization

Back 5

Liquid to Vapor (gas)
-600 cals required (absorbed) from SE
-also called evaporation

Front 6

Condensation

Back 6

Vapor to liquid
-600 cals released to E

Front 7

Sublimination

Back 7

ice to vapor
-680cals required (absorbed)
-energy taken from environment

Front 8

Deposition

Back 8

Vapor to Ice
-680 Cals released to E

Front 9

The Hydrolic Cycle

Back 9

represents the transfer of water within the earth

Front 10

What are the transfer mechanisms?

Back 10

Evaporation, condensation, transpiration, precipitation

Front 11

Over the ocean, evaporation usually _____ precipitation.

Back 11

exceeds

Front 12

Over the land, precipitation is usually _____ than evaporation.

Back 12

greater

Front 13

Over vegetated land, transpiration usually _____ evaporation

Back 13

exceeds

Front 14

Humidity

Back 14

expresses moisture content of the atmosphere

Front 15

Absolute Humidity

Back 15

The weight of water vapor present in a given volume of air.
weight of water vapor in air
----------------------------
volume of air

Front 16

When the _______ of air changes, SH also changes

Back 16

volume

Front 17

a(n) _________ in volume decreases AH, whereas a(n) ______ in volume increases AH.

Back 17

increase, decrease

Front 18

Specific Humidity

Back 18

Weight of water vapor in a volume per total weight of water vapor and air
weight of water vapor
----------------------
total weight of vapor & air

Front 19

Mixing Ratio

Back 19

weight of water vapor in a volume per weight of air alone (dry air)
weight of water vapor
-----------------------
weight of dry air

Front 20

SH & MR are not influenced by changes in __________.

Back 20

air volume

Front 21

Relative Humidity

Back 21

ratio of amount of water vapor actually present in the air compared to the amount that could be held by same air if it were saturated (at particular temperature & pressure)

actual water vapor content
---------------------------
maximum water vapor capacity

Front 22

RH is expressed as a ___________

Back 22

percentage

Front 23

Dew point temperature

Back 23

the temp to which air would have to be colled (with no change in air pressure or moisture content) for saturation to occur

Front 24

Dew point is a good indicator of the air's __________________.

Back 24

actual water vapor content

Front 25

Dew forms:

Back 25

when surface temp drops below dew point

Front 26

dew is usually associated with ____________________ on clear, calm nites.

Back 26

radiation cooling

Front 27

When air temperature drops below freezing, dew dreezes and becomes ________

Back 27

frozen dew

Front 28

frost differs from frozen dew in that:

Back 28

frost forms when deposition occurs.

Front 29

delicate white crystals form called _________ or white frost

Back 29

hoar frost

Front 30

hoar frost exhibits a _________ _________ pattern of ice crystals

Back 30

treelike branching

Front 31

Condensation Nuclei

Back 31

tiny particles in our atmosphere where water vapor condenses on

Front 32

condensation nucei may include:

Back 32

-dust particles
-smoke particles from forest fires
-nitric acid particles
-salt particles from ocean sprays

Front 33

without condensation nuclei in the atmosphere, condensation occurs at a much _____ relative humidity greator than ___%.

Back 33

higher, 100

Front 34

this is a condition where ____ occurs.

Back 34

supersaturation

Front 35

Fog

Back 35

a cloud resting near the ground

Front 36

fog may form in two ways:

Back 36

by cooling-when moist air overlying cold surfaces is cooled below its dew point
by evaporation and mixing-when unsaturated air mixes with saturated air over water surfaces.

Front 37

4 types of fog

Back 37

radiation fog, advection fog, upslope fog, and evaporation fog.

Front 38

radiation fog develops on ____ _____ when _____ _____ is rapid

Back 38

clear nights, radiation cooling

Front 39

radiation fog requirements

Back 39

usually light breezes are required to gently mix moist air on the ground

Front 40

radiation fog is sometimes called

Back 40

ground fog

Front 41

radiation fog often causes temporally ________ _______ near the surface

Back 41

temperature inversions

Front 42

usually radiation fog covers _____

Back 42

small areas

Front 43

if radiation fog is lifted above the surface, they form:

Back 43

stratus clouds

Front 44

advection fog forms when:

Back 44

warm, moist air moves over a cool surface and is chilled to its dew point.

Front 45

advection fog usually forms on _____ locations

Back 45

costal

Front 46

advection fog is common durring ____ months and covers ____ area and are ____ than radiation fog

Back 46

summer, extensive, thicker

Front 47

upslope fog forms when:

Back 47

moist air flows upward over topographic barrier.

Front 48

upslope fog is sometimes called:

Back 48

ovographic fog

Front 49

upslop fog that covers a wide area may last for:

Back 49

many days

Front 50

evaporation fog is produced by:

Back 50

evaporation from a warm water surface into the cool unsaturated (drier) air above

Front 51

two types of evaporation fog:

Back 51

steam fog and frontal or precipitation fog

Front 52

high clouds:

Back 52

cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus

Front 53

cirrus

Back 53

-most common
-white featherly
-thin and whispy called mares tail
-ice crystals
-fair, pleasant weather

Front 54

cirrocumulus

Back 54

-small rounded white puffs
-sometimes in rows (rippling)
-ripples like scales on fish (mackerel sky)
-ice crystals

Front 55

cirrostratus

Back 55

-spread out, thin clouds
-cover wide area
-sun and moon can be seen through
-luminous circle called halo
-ice crystals
-advancing storm

Front 56

middle clouds

Back 56

altocumulus & altostratus

Front 57

altocumulus

Back 57

-gray, puffy masses
-rolls of parallel waves or bands
-water droplets

Front 58

altostratus

Back 58

-gray or blue (gray in apprearance)
-cover entire sky
-ice crystals and water droplets
-sun or moon dimly visible
-watery sun

Front 59

low clouds

Back 59

stratus, stratocumulus, nimbostratus

Front 60

stratus

Back 60

-uniform, graish
-covers entire sky
-resembles fog above ground
-sometimes mist or drizzle

Front 61

stratocumulus

Back 61

-low, lumpy
-rows in patches, or rounded masses
-blue sky visible between cloud elements

Front 62

nimbostratus

Back 62

-dary gray, wet looking
-rain cloud
-covers entire sky
-continuous light and moderate rain
-no lightning or thunder

Front 63

vertical development clouds

Back 63

cumulus, cumulonimbus

Front 64

cumulus

Back 64

-common and familiar
-puffy
-individual floating cotton with flat base
-takes different shapes

Front 65

cumulonimbus

Back 65

-cumulus may develop to this
-lightning and thunder
-winds mold top into flat anvil
-heavy rains, tornadoes, and hailstones.

Front 66

unusual clouds

Back 66

lenticular, banner, pileus, mammatus

Front 67

lenticular

Back 67

-lens shaped
-form on top of one another

Front 68

banner

Back 68

form atop and downwind isolated mt. peaks

Front 69

pileus

Back 69

-form above developing cumulus
-"cap clouds"
-smooth looking clouds

Front 70

mammatus

Back 70

-baglike sacks that hang beaneath cloud
-form when downdrafts occur in a cloud

Front 71

adiabatic process

Back 71

-warmer air rises and expands
-cools at is expands

Front 72

cooling of air in AP raises

Back 72

RH

Front 73

as it cools, it is assumed that no _____ is transferred into or out of the parcel

Back 73

heat

Front 74

rising parcel of air expands because:

Back 74

air pressure decreases with elevation

Front 75

adiabatic cooling

Back 75

the cooling in temp of the parcel as it rises and expands

Front 76

if a parcel of air risess high enough, it will cool to its ___ ____

Back 76

dew point

Front 77

as a parcel of air descends from aloft, it is _______

Back 77

compressed

Front 78

as parcel is compressed, it ____, even though no ____ is transferred into the parcel from external air. this is caled _______ _______

Back 78

warms, heat, adiabatic warming

Front 79

adiabatic process is a process that takes place without ________ of ______between the parcel of air and its surroundings

Back 79

transfer of heat

Front 80

Absolute Stability

Back 80

prevails when the environmental lapse rate is less than the moist adiabatic rate.

Front 81

rising parcel of air (unsaturated or saturated) is always ______ and ______ than the surrounding air

Back 81

cooler and heavier

Front 82

absolute unstable

Back 82

prevails when the environmental lapse rate is greater than the dry adiabatic rate.

Front 83

the rising air (unsaturated or saturated) is always ______ and ______ than the surrounding air

Back 83

warmer and lighter

Front 84

conditionally unstable

Back 84

prevails when the environmental lapse rate lies between dry adiabatic rate and the moist adiabatic rate

Front 85

the rising air is _____than the surroudning air first and later becomes ___ than the surrounding air

Back 85

cooler, warmer