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169 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a mixture of gas molecules, suspended particles, and falling precipitation
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atmosphere
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Study of atmosphere and the processes that cause weather
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meteorology
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examines weather elements over long time periods
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climatology
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tiny solid or liquid air particles
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aerosols
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Outgassing
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gases come from earths interior
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Air density
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number of air molecules in a given space
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Air pressure
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amount of force exerted above an area
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Mean Free Path
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average distance covered by a moving particle between successive collisions
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Lapse rate
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change in temperature decreases with height
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Radiosonde
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measures the vertical profile of temperature
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region where temperature is constant as earth's height icnreases
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isothermal region
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top layer where particles shoot into space
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exosphere
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ionosphere
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a layer in the mesosphere where electrically charged particles and free electrons exist
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wind
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horizontal movement of air caused by unequal pressures
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humidity
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amount of water vapor in air
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Meridiancs
parallels |
north to south (latitude)
east to west (longitude) |
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boundary that seperates cold and warm air
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front
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who created the barometer
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toricelli
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ncompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological measurements in a given region over time.
Affected at a location by latitude, terrain, altitude, and nearby bodies of water and their currents can be classified according to the average and typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation |
climate
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Present condition of the following elements
ncompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological measurements in a given region over time. Climate at a location is affected by latitude, terrain, altitude, and nearby bodies of water and their currents can be classified according to the average and typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation |
Weather
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Latent versus sensible heat
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latent is the heat required to change a substance from one form to another
sensible heat we feel |
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What are the 6 ways to change water
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Evaporation
melting Condensation Freezing sublimation Deposition- |
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what is sublimation and what is deposition
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sublimation= solid to gas
Deposition= gas to solid |
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Blackbody radiation
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radiation by a body that emits equally at all wavelengths
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radiant energy
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travels in waves that release energy as they are absorbed by an object (Electron magnetic waves)
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frequency
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number of wavelengths per x time
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hertz
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number of wavelengths per cycle
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Wein's Law
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hotter ovjects that shorter wavelengths of radiation
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# tpes of scattering and their particle size
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rayleigh-smaller than wavelength
mie= equal to wavelength] nonselective- a lot bigger than wavelength |
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Visible reflective bands
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solar and shortwave and reflective
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infrared bands
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longwave and not visivle (emissive and thermal)
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Kirkoffs law
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dark objects absorbe shortwave and emit longwave radiation
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rotations versus revolution
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rotation= day and revolution around sun
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a system of meridians and parralels representing the earth's curved surface drawn on a flat plot
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map projection
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map that uses horizontal parallels and vertical Meridians
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MERCATOR projections
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A projection that shows all of earth’s continents
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rOBINSON
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A projection that map of one pole or the other
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polar
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A projection that -equal area map projection for climate/ soil type
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Goode
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perihelion versus aphelion
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earth is closest to the sun-January
earth is farthest from the sun-August |
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seperates day from night
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circle of illumination
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point where the sun is directly overhead at noon
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Subsolar point
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atmospheric window
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area between 8 and 15 where long wave radiation is not absorbed by O2 and O3
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Net Radiation
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difference between absorbed and emitted radiation
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The long-wave radiation emitted from the earth to the atmosphere after it has absorbed the shorter-wave radiation of the sun.
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counter radiation
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First2 laws of thermodynamics
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energy isnt created or destroyed
energy moves from high to low energy |
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Convection
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when surface temperature exceeds air temperature
water in a boiling pot |
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conduction
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-Touching a stove and being burned
-Ice cooling down your hand -Boiling water by thrusting a red-hot piece of iron into it |
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radiation
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Transfer of energy by electromagnetic radiation
-Heat from the sun warming your face -Heat from a lightbulb -Heat from a fire -Heat from anything else which is warmer than its surroundings. |
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at what wavelengths is there peak intensity of solar radiation
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short (in visible light spectrum)
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do darker objects absorb mor short wave or long wave
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short wave and emit longwave
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geoid
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exaggerates small departures from sphere
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Geographic Grid –
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network of parallels and meridians used to fix location on earth
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What is used to calculate the length of a solar day
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analemma
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what location is the meridian and the international date line
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latitutdes of 0 and 180
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During Daylight savings time do you set the clocks ahead or back an hour
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ahead
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Beam depletion
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solar radiation diminished relative to path length; high solar angles means small energy reductions
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Does insolation increase or decrease as we move towards the poles
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decrease
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what radiation is absorbed in the lower atmosphere that leads to the greenhouse effect
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longwave radiation
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force per unit exerted by gases
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atmospheric pressure
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what law relates to total pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reactive gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases.
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daltons law
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what is dalton law
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what law relates to total pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reactive gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases.
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What is Pressure Gradient Force
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Amount of pressure change over a given area
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What is Geostrophic wind
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geostrophic balance) is the theoretical wind that would result from an exact balance between the Coriolis effect and the pressure gradient force. They are winds that blow parallel to a system of isobars
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What is Supergeostrophic flow and subgeostrophic
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high pressure
low pressure |
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what is Azimuth
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degree of wind from 0-360 degrees
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what are wind vanes
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indicate wind direction
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What are anenometers
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record widns peed
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What are aerovanes
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indicate wind speed and direction
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what is the biosphere
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the global sum of all ecosystems.
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Lithosphere
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- earths crust
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hydrosphere
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describes the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet.
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percentage of land that is urbanized
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1
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3 major weather hubs
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london
NYC Moscow |
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What is phenology
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study of organisms over time
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`What are the two largest seas
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Caspian Sea
Lake Superior |
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how much has earths average temperature increased by this century
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.6 degrees celsius
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what percentage of ozone is found in the upper atmosphere
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97%
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percentage of carbon monoxide that comes from city vehicles
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75
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which ozone is good and which is bad
stratospheric tropospheric |
good
bad |
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Which gas is an effective absorber of terrestrial radiation
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methane
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what are cloud condensation nuclei
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aerosols that act as the initial sites for condensation of water vapor into cloud droplets or cloud ice particles.
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What acts as condensation nuclei
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aerosols
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What 2 gases was earth original atmosphere mostly composed of
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helium and hydrogen
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what are the two most important greenhouse gases
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water vapor and CO2
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what is the average earths temperature
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15 degrees celsius
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of the 4 biggest gases which one varies most at earths surface
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water vapor
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what are th4 distinct layers of the atmosphere
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troposphere
stratosphere mesosphere thermospher |
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Of the 4 layers of the atmosphere which ones have temperature inversion and which dont
and what are the pauses called |
tropopause
straopause mesopause As H increase Temperature in X does what Troposhere- decreases straosphere- increase mesosphere-decreases therosphee-increases |
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at what height does the stratospher, mesosphere and thermosphere start
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11, 48, 85
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what percentage of atmospher mass is in the trposphere and the combined troposphere and stratosphere
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80 and 99.9
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in which atmosphere is there little actual weather
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stratosphere
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what is the lapse rate in the troposphere
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-6.5 degrees celsius per KM
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What are jet streams
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hgh winds that meander in a narrow channel in the tropopause
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what is hypoexia
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oxygen starved
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What regions are the ionosphere and heterosphere in
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Ionsphere= stratosphere and up
heterosphere= base of thermosphere and up |
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Which type of cloud is in the stratosphere
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cumulonimbus
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what causes
• The aurora borealis (northern lights) • The aurora australis (southern lights) |
interactions with subatomic solar particles in the ionosphere
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what are 3 units of pressure
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• Millibar
(mb), kilopascal (kPa) • Isobars |
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when were instruments used to measure water vapor created
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late 1700s
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what communication instrument aided weather forecasting
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telegraph
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when were radiosondes, radar, and, satelites created
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radiosonded= 1940s
radar and satelites= 1950s |
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what is the only form of ererngy transfer that can take place ina vacuum
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radiation
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when a pan is in direct contact with a burner what heat transfer is taking place
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conduction
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water moving can be an example of what heat transfer
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convection
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what type of heating involves vertical exchange
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convection
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what is Advection
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transfer of heat horizontally
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at what speed do electromagnetic waves travel
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speed of light
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Is heat absorbed or released during melting, evaporation, or sublimation
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absorbed
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what number does the sun emit a maxium amount of radiation and what color is this
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.5 and green
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Which color has the shortest and which has the longest wavelengths
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violet and red
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Does the sun or earth emit most of its energy in infrared
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Sun
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what type of relationship is there beweetn wavelength and frequency
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inverse
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which releases more energy melting or evaporation
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evaporation
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What is a maximum and what is a minimum in a wavelength
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minimum= trough
maximum= crest |
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what is another name for the blackbody radiation curve
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plank function
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is evaporation a warming or cooling process
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cooling
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what is a hertz
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cycle per second
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what is blackbody radiation
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emits or absorbs all wavelengths equally
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is the amount of radiation proportional to the object
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yes
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What law deals with a point on the plnk curve and which law deals with the area under the curve
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Weins Law
Boltzmans Law |
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What is Weins Law
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relationship between temperature and wavelenth
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What is Boltzmans Law
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relationship between temperature and radiation emitted
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what is the visible part of the spectrum measured in
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mm, NM or ev (volts)
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place these in order from High energy to low energy
infrared visible light, microwaves ultraviolet xrays Radio Gamma rays |
Gamma Rays
X Rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Microwaves Radiowaves |
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Is snow a good observed of sunlight or of infrared light
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infrared
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what type of radiation does the greenhouse effect absorb
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longwave
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which is a blackbody earths atmosphere or surface
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surface
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what is the atmospheric window
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where water vapor ad CO2 dont readily observe infrared radiation (8 and 11)
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Do clouds observed infrared radiation in the atmospheric window
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yes
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scattering is a function of what two variables
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wavbleneght and size of the partical
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which has more of a scatter mie scattering or rayleigh
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rayleigh
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what wavelengths does non-selective scattering scatter
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all equally well (that is why clouds are white)
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what deflects the solar winds to shield the earth
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magnetosphere
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what is the average earths albeido
for snow water clouds forest |
30
85 10 60 5 |
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at what latitude is there a balance between radiation incoming an dout going
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38 north and south
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how is solar energy generated
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nuclear fusion
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how long does it take to travel from the earth to the sun
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8.5 minutes
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if you move west across the international dateline do you go back or forward a day
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forward a day
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what percentage is the seasonal radiation variance
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about 7%
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what degree in the sky is the sun at noon on june 21st
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73.5 and 50 during equinox
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ona clear day what percentage of the suns radiation will reach the earth
what about a cloudy day |
80 and 10-45
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what is counterradiation
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long wave radiation emitted by the atmosphere
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where are gamma and xrays absrobed and where are UV rayys absrober
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upper atmosphere and ozone
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do thick low clouds cool or warm earth
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cool and high thin clouds warm earth
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what percentage of radiation is absrobed in the atmosphere (and what percentage stratospheric)
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25 and 7
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what percentage of radiation is reflected back (what by clouds and what scattered by space)
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25 and 16 and 9
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what percentage of radiation reaches earth and what percentage is reflected back
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50 and 5
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what is the global energy budget
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balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation
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are gases good selective absorbers of energy
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no
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what type of radiation do greenhouse gases absorb
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terrestrial long wave radiation
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what is entropy
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the measure of disorder
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how much convective heat is transferred from the surface to the atmosphere and how much is latent and how much is sensible
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29 and 21 and 8
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During the winter hemispheres at what longitudes is there a net energy deficit
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15
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do isotherms get closer or farther over land
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closer
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what neutralizes net energy deficits
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advection
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do higher or lower altitudes have higher diurnal flux
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higher altitudes
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which is lower surface cooling or warming rate
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cooling
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at what temperatures are there a balnce between energy gained and lostr
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maxes and mins
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four forces that affect the movement of air
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1. PGF
2. coriolis effect 3. Friction 4. Centripetal force |
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A wind that blows at constant speeds next to curved isobars
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gradient wind
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Wind forces that counteract gravity
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o Vertical pressure gradients=
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terrestrial radiation
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Long-wave electromagnetic radiation originating from Earth
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rising air bubbles
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thermals
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eddies
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current moving against the normal current
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what is relative humidity
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water vapor pressure/ water vapor capacity
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4 factors that affect the movement of air
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1) PGF
2) Coriolis Effect 3) Friction 4) Centripetal Force |
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Force
of gravity balances verJcal pressure gradient |
hydrostatic equilibrium
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stuave diagrsms
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graph of pressure adn temperaure (incease in one= equals increase in another)
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Plantery boundary layer
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- lowest part of the atmosphere that is directly influenced by surface
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