Wcd Winter Midterm 2011

Front 1

Atherosclerosis definition

Back 1

arterial wall thickens and loses elasticity

Front 2

Hypertension Definition

Back 2

high systolic or diastolic BP

Front 3

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) definition

Back 3

atherosclerosis in vessels around heart/risk for MI, Angina/L main coronary artery

Front 4

Myocardial Infarction (MI) definition

Back 4

Ischemic myocardial necrosis d/t abrupt drop on heart blood flow. 10% mortality in 1sr yr within 1st 4 months

Front 5

Heart Failure definition

Back 5

abnormal performance resulting in inadequate CO to meet bodily needs/CHF Congestive Heart Failure/Tx underlying Dz

Front 6

Car Pulmonale definition

Back 6

right ventricular enlargement/2ndary to Lu Dz

Front 7

Cardiomyopathy definition

Back 7

structural or functional abnormality of the ventricular myocardium/not due to hypertension, congenital, valvular, coronary, arterial, pericardial abnormalities

Front 8

Arrhythmias definition

Back 8

abnormal beating of heart/due to interrupted electrical impulse

Front 9

Valvular Disease definition

Back 9

mechanical lesion in one of the valves of the heart/rheumatic fever most common cause

Front 10

Endocarditis definition

Back 10

microbial infection of endocardium/fatal if untreated!

Front 11

Aortic Aneurysm definition

Back 11

local dilation of aorta/bulging

Front 12

Peripheral Arteriole Disease Definition

Back 12

occlusion blood supply to extremities, pain at rest signifies worsening DZ

Front 13

Buerger's Disease/Thromboangiitis Obliterans Definition

Back 13

inflammatory thrombosis of small and medium sized arteries causing arterial ischemia in distal extremities

Front 14

Thrombophlebitis Definition

Back 14

Thrombophlebitis (throm-bo-fluh-BI-tis) occurs when a blood clot causes swelling in one or more of your veins, typically in your legs. Rarely, thrombophlebitis (sometimes called phlebitis) can affect veins in your arms or neck.

Front 15

Raynaud's Disease Definition

Back 15

Spasm of Arterioles of digits with pallor and cyanosis/occasionally nose and tongue

Front 16

Venous Thrombosis (thrombophlebitis, phlebitis) definition

Back 16

presence of a thrombus in a vein, due to DVT, thrombophlebitis, chronic venous insufficiency

Front 17

Varicose Veins Definition

Back 17

Dilated veins with incompetent valves

Front 18

Orthostatic Hypotension Definition

Back 18

drastic fall in BP when posture changes

Front 19

Atherosclerosis Etiology

Back 19

hypertension, high lipids, high cholesterol, ciggies, DM, obesity, inactivity, males type A, family Hx,hyperhomocysteinemia

Front 20

Define Hyperhomocysteinemia

Back 20

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally large level of homocysteine in the blood.

Front 21

Define EKG/ECG

Back 21

Electrocardiograph (ECG, or EKG [from the German Elektrokardiogramm]) is a transthoracic interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured and externally recorded by skin electrodes

Front 22

Hypertension Etiology

Back 22

Unknown, can be KI Dz or other Dz/ Increased peripheral vascular resistance (vasoconstriction or increased CO)

Front 23

Hypertension Incidence

Back 23

more in blacks, 50% all males in US, 60% all females in US over 65yo,

Front 24

Coronary Artery Dz (CAD) Etiology

Back 24

many, but impaired blood flow thu coronary arteries, usually by atheromas (atheroma (from ἀθήρωμα (athērōma)=“tumor full gruel-like matter”) is an accumulation and swelling in artery walls that is made up of (mostly) macrophage cells, or debris, that contain lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids), calcium and a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue)

Front 25

Myocardial Infarction Etiology

Back 25

90% have thrombus occluding an artery, L Ventricle,

Front 26

Heart Failure Etiology

Back 26

anything affecting L Ventricle Fxn, increased Cardiac Output or decreased myocardial fxn, Valvular Dz, CAD, Myocardial Dz, increased CO, Anemia, thyrotoxicosis, LV Dz

Front 27

Cor Pulmonale Etiology

Back 27

R Ventricle enlargement caused by...COPD, Pulmonary Embolism, Pulmonary arterial hypertension creates increased load of R Ventricle emptying

Front 28

Cardiomyopathy Etiology 3 Types

Back 28

1. Dilated(congestive)- HF w Ventricular dilation and systolic Dysfxn 2. Hypertrophic- Ventricular hypertrophy with diastolic dys 3. restrictive-ventricular non-compliance

Front 29

Cardiomyopathy Etiology within types

Back 29

Ischemic myopathy(muscle not working), infections, metabolic Ds, drugs, toxins, neoplasms, CT Ds,

Front 30

Arrhythmias Etiology

Back 30

palpitations, hemodynamic upset- sustained bradycardias(HR less than 60BPM), Tachycardias(too fast), possibly life threatening

Front 31

Valvular Disease etiology

Back 31

chamber behind stenoc valve wark harder, chambers around incompetent valve have to work harder, mitral valve most common 50%, aortic valve dz 2nd 35%

Front 32

Endocarditis Etiology

Back 32

fever, murmurs, petechiae, emboli, valvular incompetence or obstruction, abscess, aneurysm, ABE from staph-hemolytic strep- pneumococcus, gonococcus, SBE from Strep, bacteremia, infected gums, GI or GU

Front 33

Aortic Aneurysm Etiology

Back 33

arteriosclerosis, hypertension, ciggies, Hx, trauma, arteritis, syphilis, Marfan's

Front 34

Peripheral Artery Disease Etiology(PAD)

Back 34

atherosclerosis in vessels around heart/risk for MI, Angina/L main coronary artery

Front 35

Buerger's Disease Etiology

Back 35

inflammatory changes in small and medium sized arteries and veins, inflammation and thrombosis of involved vessels, Men Who Smoke 20-40yo, 5% in women, NONE in NON SMOKERS

Front 36

Raynaud's Disease Etiology

Back 36

Idiopathic(unknown), CT Ds, Obstructive arterial Dz, Neuro lesions, trauma, 60-90% in young women

Front 37

Venous Thrombosis Etiology

Back 37

injury to vein, hypercoagulability, tumors, thrombophlebitis, oral contraceptives, stasis post partum, bed rest, HF, stroke, trauma, long travel

Front 38

Varicose Veins Etiology

Back 38

valvular incompetence, weak vein walls, increased pressure from stasis, standing, pregnancy, Hx

Front 39

Orthostatic Hypotension etiology

Back 39

prescription side effects, diuretics, DM, Addison's, neuro Dz interrupt sympathetic reflex arc

Front 40

Atherosclerosis S&S

Back 40

none until critical stenosis, sx from decreased blood flow-thrombosis, embolism, aneurysm, CVA, MI

Front 41

Hypertension S&S

Back 41

Asx until complications, dizzi, HA, flushed face, fatigue, epistaxis, anxiety, L ventricle will fail HDZ, retinal Dz or failure, CVA

Front 42

Coronary Artery Dz(CAD) S&S

Back 42

substernal px vague to intense, radiates L shldr arm, fingers, back, throat, jaw, teeth, px at activity and rest, after exertion or a meal, increased HR and BP

Front 43

Myocardial Infarction S&S

Back 43

symptoms begin days or weeks before MI, angina, SOB, fatigue, substernal deep ache/pressure, 20% acute MI silent, restless, anxious, diaphoresis(sweats), cyanosis w cool skin, arrhythmia, muffled ht sounds, 60% die of VF before getting to hospital

Front 44

Heart Failure S&S

Back 44

tachycardia, fatigue on exertion, wheezes and rales, cold intolerance, nocturnal dyspnea, exertional dyspnea, nocturia, cough blood tinged, suffocation feel, fullness and edema/pitted, cyanosis, enlarged liver

Front 45

Cor Pulmonale S&S

Back 45

suspect anyone with COPD, exertional dyspnea or exertional syncope, angina

Front 46

Cardiomyopathy S&S

Back 46

like HF-fatigue, exertional dyspnea, rales Hepatojugular Reflux, like CAD, increased diastolic pressure arrhythmias, exertional dyspnea, orthopnea(cannot breath lying down)

Front 47

Arrhythmias S&S

Back 47

dizzi, light headed, syncope

Front 48

Valvular Dz. S&S

Back 48

long course-decades, possible fatigue, dizzi, syncope, dyspnea, murmurs in various positions

Front 49

Endocarditis S&S

Back 49

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis/Acute Bacterial Endocarditis=fever, chills, wt loss, night sweats, arthralgias(jnt px), murmurs, tachycardia, petechiae over upper trunk, osler's nodes(erythematous subcutaneous nodes at finger tips, hemorrhages under nails, clubbed fingers, emboli, stroke, MI, brain abscess

Front 50

Aortic Aneurysm S&S

Back 50

can be Asx, Depends on Location- Abdominal= deep, boring, visceral px, wide aorta on palp, rupture lethal/ thoracic=back px, cough, wheezing, hemoptysis, dysphagia, hoarse/Dissecting aneurysm=abrupt, excruciating, ripping Px, hypertension, MAJOR Risk!

Front 51

Peripheral Artery Dz S&S

Back 51

chronic tissue ischemia, intermittent claudication(limp), NO SX at REST, difficult sleep, decreased or absent pulses, SEVERE Ischemia=scaly skin w poor nail and hair growth, pxful cold, numb limb, toe, heel leg ulcers

Front 52

Buerger's Dz S&S

Back 52

gradual onset distal vessels, arterial ischemia and superficial phlebitis(inflammation of a vein), cold numb tingling burning extremities(Raynaud's Phenom), ulceration, gangrene, no pedal pulse, 60% signs in wrist arteries, pallor on elevation

Front 53

Raynaud's Dz S&S

Back 53

vasospasm of digital arteries and arterioles, cold or emotional upset, pallor, cyanosis, numb tingling, burning, ONLY Distal to MP Jnts, No "pain", ulcers on tips of fingers +Allen test

Front 54

Venous Thrombosis S&S

Back 54

DVT often asx at first-tenderness, px, edema, warmth, skin discoloration, prominent superficial veins, hard, cord, soreness on standing or walking relieved with rest, superficial thrombophlebitis, px tender warmth in that area, Chronic Venous Insufficiency=edema, aching, fullness, decreased mvmt, Stasis Syndrome

Front 55

Varicose Veins S&S

Back 55

fatigue, achy, warmth of legs

Front 56

Orthostatic Hypotension S&S

Back 56

faintness, lightheaded, confusion, blurring, syncope, seizures