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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Both Marxism and _____ shared common principles derived from the enlightenment
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liberalism
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What was the goal of Marxism?
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the seizure of power by the working class and the destruction of capitalism
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What was published in 1848 by Marx and Engels that called for a working-class revolution to overthrow the capitalist system?
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communist manifesto
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What did Marx believe about the capitalist economic system?
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it would be destroyed by a socialist revolution
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How did Marx believe that real happiness would come?
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by improving the natural world, not by transcending it
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What was the clash of classes representing conflicting economic interests?
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dialectical materialism
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What were the economic and technological factors that were moving forces in history? (according to marx)
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the ways in which goods were produced and wealth was distributed
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What does marx believe pushes history into higher stages?
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clashes
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According to Marx and Engels, the ideas held by the ruling class became what?
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the dominant ideas of society
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Workers only knew _____ under capitalism
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poverty
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What other struggles in history did Marx compare to the wage earners versus capitalists?
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master and slave; patrician and plebeian; lord and serf;
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What radical movement denounced the exploitation of workers and the coercive authority of government and envisioned a stateless society?
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anarchism
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What famous Russian novelist was an anarchist?
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Leo Tolstoy
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Who attacked the fundamental outlook of the Enlightenment, particularly as expressed by liberals and socialists?
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Fyodor Dostoyevsky
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Who was the french philosopher of Jewish background that reflected the growing irrationalism of the age?
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Henri Bergson
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European civilization must recognize the limitations of what?
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scientific rationalism
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Bergson's philosophy pointed away from science toward what?
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religious mysticism
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Who was the French social theorist who recognized the political potential of the nonrational?
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Georges Sorel
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Unlike philosophes, Freud focused on what?
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the massive power and influence of nonrational drives
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What was the essential task of psychoanalysis?
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"to struggle with the demon" of irrationality in a "sober way", to make it "a comprehensible object of science"
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What did freud call "a cauldron full of seething excitations" that constantly demand gratification?
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id
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What seeks to hold the id in check and bring it in line with reality?
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the ego
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What did freud believe was the best road to social improvement?
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reason
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The end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth mark what?
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the great age of sociological thought
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Durkheim wanted to prevent modern society from disintegrating into a disconnected mass of what?
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self-seeking, antagonistic individuals
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Modern people, said Durkheim, suffered from anomie- which is what?
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a collapse of values
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Whose studies led him to conclude that social behavior rests primarily not on reason but rather on nonrational instincts and sentiments?
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Vilfredo Pareto
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Whoever aims to lead and to influence people must appeal not to logic but to what?
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elemental feelings
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What were the two strata that Pareto divided society into?
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elite and the masses
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Who concentrated on mass psychology as demonstrated in crowd behavior?
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Gustave Le Bon
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Who was a leading shaper of modern sociology?
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max weber
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The experiments of writers and artists produced a great cultural revolution called what?
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modernism
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The clearest expression of the modern viewpoint is found in what
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art
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which two artists developed cubism
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pablo picasso and Georges Braque
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Which two artists created abstract art?
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Piet Mondrian and Wassily Kandinsky
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What did Nietzsche believe about christian morality?
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That it is fit for only the weak, the slave
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What is the belief that moral and social values have no validity?
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nihilism
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Nihilism has caused what in European life?
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a crisis
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How can man surmount nihilism?
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by adopting a new orientation that gives primacy to the superior man (overman or superman)
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Who believed that life is an endless striving to fulfill ceaseless desires?
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Arthur Schopenhauer
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Who saw themselves as members of a master race, who, by force of will, would conquer all obstacles and reshape the world according to their own values?
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the nazis
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survival in this world, as well as salvation in the next came to depend on what?
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inner faith and self- discipline
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