Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
LEUKOCYTE |
• cell larger than RBC • measures 9-15 μ in diameter • nucleated |
|
|
5-8 day |
Lifespan of LEUKOCYTE |
|
|
• Phagocytosis • production of antibodies & proteolytic enzymes |
LEUKOCYTE considered as body soldier because it provides us with natural immune defense mechanisms by means of: |
|
|
production of antibodies & proteolytic enzymes |
It is need for destruction of foreign substances |
|
|
Baso, Eos, Neutro
|
Granular WBC
|
|
|
LEUKEMIA |
– a malignant increase in the number of WBC in the peripheral blood as well as in leukocyte producing organs |
|
|
Infections Inflammations In the afternoon After strenuous exercise After meals During menstruation In newborns
|
LEUKOCYTES INCREASED IN IIIAADI
|
|
|
Older people <40 In measles In the morning Leukopenia of viral origin sulfa drugs Hypersplenism Replacement of marrow with malignant disease
|
LEUKOCYTES DECREASED IN OI - ILUHR |
|
|
TOTAL WBC COUNT |
Total number of Leukocytes present in a volume of blood |
|
|
CORRECTED WBC COUNT |
Should be done when a high WBC count is obtained and there are more than 10 nucleated RBC per 100 WBC in the blood smear |
|
|
Corrected WBC count = Uncorrected WBC count - X (X): X = #nRBC / 100 + nRBC X Uncorrected WBC count |
LONG METHOD FORMULA |
|
|
Corrected WBC count = 100 / 100 + #nRBC x Uncorrected WBC count |
SHORT METHOD FORMULA |
|
|
DIFFERENTIAL COUNT |
Estimation in the blood smear of the number of each specific type of WBC Expresses in percent (%) the relative number of the various types of leukocytes present |
|
|
Prepare blood smear Stain smear Count the cells Report |
Differential count Four General Steps: PSCR |
|
|
WEDGE METHOD |
Two-Glass Slide Method also called |
|
|
Lympho, Mono |
Agranular WBC |
|
|
BEACOM’S METHOD |
also called Glass Slide-Coverslip |
|
|
ERHLICH’S METHOD |
Called Two-Coverslip Method |
|
|
Gradual transition from thick to thin area Smear occupies 1/2 to 2/3 only of slide No overlapping of cells Surface of smear should be smooth without scratches, ridges, holes Should have a feathery edge |
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL BLOOD SMEAR GSNSS |
|
|
Size of drop of blood Angle between the slide and spreader Speed of spreader Pressure of spreader on slide |
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE THICKNESS OF SMEAR |
|
|
- air dry - flame (bunsen burner) - oven - Immersion in methyl alcohol or absolute alcohol for 1-2 minutes |
METHODS OF DRYING BLOOD SMEARS |
|
|
Granular |
May granules in cytoplasm |
|
|
Younger |
Hyposegmented
|
|
|
Older |
Hypersegmented |
|
|
5,000-10,000 mm^3 5.0 - 10.0x10^9/L |
Normal Value of Leukocyte in adult |
|
|
LEUKOCYTOSIS |
– increase above normal in the number of WBC in the peripheral blood |
|
|
Physiologic Leukocytosis |
– caused by physiologic conditions such as exercise |
|
|
Pathologic Leukocytosis |
– caused by disease, alway accompanied by absolute increase in one or another type of WBC |
|
|
LEUKOPENIA |
- a decrease below normal in the number of WBC in the peripheral blood
|
|
|
Baso, Eos, Neutro
|
Granular WBC
|
|
|
LEUKEMIA |
– a malignant increase in the number of WBC in the peripheral blood as well as in leukocyte producing organs |
|
|
Infections Inflammations In the afternoon After strenuous exercise After meals During menstruation In newborns
|
LEUKOCYTES INCREASED IN IIIAADI
|
|
|
Older people <40 In measles In the morning Leukopenia of viral origin sulfa drugs Hypersplenism Replacement of marrow with malignant disease
|
LEUKOCYTES DECREASED IN OI - ILUHR |
|
|
TOTAL WBC COUNT |
Total number of Leukocytes present in a volume of blood |
|
|
CORRECTED WBC COUNT |
Should be done when a high WBC count is obtained and there are more than 10 nucleated RBC per 100 WBC in the blood smear |
|
|
Corrected WBC count = Uncorrected WBC count - X (X): X = #nRBC / 100 + nRBC X Uncorrected WBC count |
LONG METHOD FORMULA |
|
|
Corrected WBC count = 100 / 100 + #nRBC x Uncorrected WBC count |
SHORT METHOD FORMULA |
|
|
DIFFERENTIAL COUNT |
Estimation in the blood smear of the number of each specific type of WBC Expresses in percent (%) the relative number of the various types of leukocytes present |
|
|
Prepare blood smear Stain smear Count the cells Report |
Differential count Four General Steps: PSCR |
|
|
WEDGE METHOD |
Two-Glass Slide Method also called |
|
|
Lympho, Mono |
Agranular WBC |
|
|
BEACOM’S METHOD |
also called Glass Slide-Coverslip |
|
|
ERHLICH’S METHOD |
Called Two-Coverslip Method |
|
|
Gradual transition from thick to thin area Smear occupies 1/2 to 2/3 only of slide No overlapping of cells Surface of smear should be smooth without scratches, ridges, holes Should have a feathery edge |
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL BLOOD SMEAR GSNSS |
|
|
Size of drop of blood Angle between the slide and spreader Speed of spreader Pressure of spreader on slide |
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE THICKNESS OF SMEAR |
|
|
- air dry - flame (bunsen burner) - oven - Immersion in methyl alcohol or absolute alcohol for 1-2 minutes |
METHODS OF DRYING BLOOD SMEARS |
|
|
- Slides and coverslip should be clean and free from grease - Size of the blood drop should not be too large nor too small - Smearing should be done quickly before coagulation sets up - Proper angle and pressure of the spreader should be observed so as to produce an ideal smear |
PREREQUISITES FOR PROPER BLOOD SMEAR |
|
|
Granular |
May granules in cytoplasm |
|
|
Younger |
Hyposegmented
|
|
|
Older |
Hypersegmented |
|
|
5,000-10,000 mm^3 5.0 - 10.0x10^9/L |
Normal Value of Leukocyte in adult |
|
|
LEUKOCYTOSIS |
– increase above normal in the number of WBC in the peripheral blood |
|
|
Physiologic Leukocytosis |
– caused by physiologic conditions such as exercise |
|
|
Pathologic Leukocytosis |
– caused by disease, alway accompanied by absolute increase in one or another type of WBC |
|
|
LEUKOPENIA |
- a decrease below normal in the number of WBC in the peripheral blood
|
|
|
Baso, Eos, Neutro
|
Granular WBC
|
|
|
LEUKEMIA |
– a malignant increase in the number of WBC in the peripheral blood as well as in leukocyte producing organs |
|
|
Infections Inflammations In the afternoon After strenuous exercise After meals During menstruation In newborns
|
LEUKOCYTES INCREASED IN IIIAADI
|
|
|
Older people <40 In measles In the morning Leukopenia of viral origin sulfa drugs Hypersplenism Replacement of marrow with malignant disease
|
LEUKOCYTES DECREASED IN OI - ILUHR |
|
|
TOTAL WBC COUNT |
Total number of Leukocytes present in a volume of blood |
|
|
CORRECTED WBC COUNT |
Should be done when a high WBC count is obtained and there are more than 10 nucleated RBC per 100 WBC in the blood smear |
|
|
Corrected WBC count = Uncorrected WBC count - X (X): X = #nRBC / 100 + nRBC X Uncorrected WBC count |
LONG METHOD FORMULA |
|
|
Corrected WBC count = 100 / 100 + #nRBC x Uncorrected WBC count |
SHORT METHOD FORMULA |
|
|
DIFFERENTIAL COUNT |
Estimation in the blood smear of the number of each specific type of WBC Expresses in percent (%) the relative number of the various types of leukocytes present |
|
|
Prepare blood smear Stain smear Count the cells Report |
Differential count Four General Steps: PSCR |
|
|
WEDGE METHOD |
Two-Glass Slide Method also called |
|
|
Lympho, Mono |
Agranular WBC |
|
|
BEACOM’S METHOD |
also called Glass Slide-Coverslip |
|
|
ERHLICH’S METHOD |
Called Two-Coverslip Method |
|
|
Gradual transition from thick to thin area Smear occupies 1/2 to 2/3 only of slide No overlapping of cells Surface of smear should be smooth without scratches, ridges, holes Should have a feathery edge |
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL BLOOD SMEAR GSNSS |
|
|
Size of drop of blood Angle between the slide and spreader Speed of spreader Pressure of spreader on slide |
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE THICKNESS OF SMEAR |
|
|
- air dry - flame (bunsen burner) - oven - Immersion in methyl alcohol or absolute alcohol for 1-2 minutes |
METHODS OF DRYING BLOOD SMEARS |
|
|
- Slides and coverslip should be clean and free from grease - Size of the blood drop should not be too large nor too small - Smearing should be done quickly before coagulation sets up - Proper angle and pressure of the spreader should be observed so as to produce an ideal smear |
PREREQUISITES FOR PROPER BLOOD SMEAR |
|
|
- Cell count (in case of severe anemia - Malarial Parasites - Filaria - Platelet count - Reticulocyte count - Differential count - RBC Morphology
|
Thin Smears |
|
|
Granular |
May granules in cytoplasm |
|
|
Younger |
Hyposegmented
|
|
|
Older |
Hypersegmented |
|
|
5,000-10,000 mm^3 5.0 - 10.0x10^9/L |
Normal Value of Leukocyte in adult |
|
|
LEUKOCYTOSIS |
– increase above normal in the number of WBC in the peripheral blood |
|
|
Physiologic Leukocytosis |
– caused by physiologic conditions such as exercise |
|
|
Pathologic Leukocytosis |
– caused by disease, alway accompanied by absolute increase in one or another type of WBC |
|
|
LEUKOPENIA |
- a decrease below normal in the number of WBC in the peripheral blood
|
|
|
Baso, Eos, Neutro
|
Granular WBC
|
|
|
LEUKEMIA |
– a malignant increase in the number of WBC in the peripheral blood as well as in leukocyte producing organs |
|
|
Infections Inflammations In the afternoon After strenuous exercise After meals During menstruation In newborns
|
LEUKOCYTES INCREASED IN IIIAADI
|
|
|
Older people <40 In measles In the morning Leukopenia of viral origin sulfa drugs Hypersplenism Replacement of marrow with malignant disease
|
LEUKOCYTES DECREASED IN OI - ILUHR |
|
|
TOTAL WBC COUNT |
Total number of Leukocytes present in a volume of blood |
|
|
CORRECTED WBC COUNT |
Should be done when a high WBC count is obtained and there are more than 10 nucleated RBC per 100 WBC in the blood smear |
|
|
Corrected WBC count = Uncorrected WBC count - X (X): X = #nRBC / 100 + nRBC X Uncorrected WBC count |
LONG METHOD FORMULA |
|
|
Corrected WBC count = 100 / 100 + #nRBC x Uncorrected WBC count |
SHORT METHOD FORMULA |
|
|
DIFFERENTIAL COUNT |
Estimation in the blood smear of the number of each specific type of WBC Expresses in percent (%) the relative number of the various types of leukocytes present |
|
|
Prepare blood smear Stain smear Count the cells Report |
Differential count Four General Steps: PSCR |
|
|
WEDGE METHOD |
Two-Glass Slide Method also called |
|
|
Lympho, Mono |
Agranular WBC |
|
|
BEACOM’S METHOD |
also called Glass Slide-Coverslip |
|
|
ERHLICH’S METHOD |
Called Two-Coverslip Method |
|
|
Gradual transition from thick to thin area Smear occupies 1/2 to 2/3 only of slide No overlapping of cells Surface of smear should be smooth without scratches, ridges, holes Should have a feathery edge |
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL BLOOD SMEAR GSNSS |
|
|
Size of drop of blood Angle between the slide and spreader Speed of spreader Pressure of spreader on slide |
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE THICKNESS OF SMEAR |
|
|
- air dry - flame (bunsen burner) - oven - Immersion in methyl alcohol or absolute alcohol for 1-2 minutes |
METHODS OF DRYING BLOOD SMEARS |
|
|
- Slides and coverslip should be clean and free from grease - Size of the blood drop should not be too large nor too small - Smearing should be done quickly before coagulation sets up - Proper angle and pressure of the spreader should be observed so as to produce an ideal smear |
PREREQUISITES FOR PROPER BLOOD SMEAR |
|
|
- Cell count (in case of severe anemia - Malarial Parasites - Filaria - Platelet count - Reticulocyte count - Differential count - RBC Morphology
|
Thin Smears |
|
|
- Trypanosomes - Malarial Parasites - Filaria - Spirochetes
|
Thick smears |
|
|
Granular |
May granules in cytoplasm |
|
|
Younger |
Hyposegmented
|
|
|
Older |
Hypersegmented |
|
|
5,000-10,000 mm^3 5.0 - 10.0x10^9/L |
Normal Value of Leukocyte in adult |
|
|
LEUKOCYTOSIS |
– increase above normal in the number of WBC in the peripheral blood |
|
|
Physiologic Leukocytosis |
– caused by physiologic conditions such as exercise |
|
|
Pathologic Leukocytosis |
– caused by disease, alway accompanied by absolute increase in one or another type of WBC |
|
|
LEUKOPENIA |
- a decrease below normal in the number of WBC in the peripheral blood
|
|
|
- BASIC DYE (Methylene Blue) - ACIDIC DYE (Eosin) - MIXTURE OF BASIC & ACIDIC DYES
|
Types of Staining Dyes
|
|
|
- BASIC DYE (Methylene Blue) - ACIDIC DYE (Eosin) - MIXTURE OF BASIC & ACIDIC DYES
|
Types of Staining Dyes
|
|
|
BASIC DYE (Methylene Blue) |
Basophilic materials like nucleus which stains blue
|
|
|
- BASIC DYE (Methylene Blue) - ACIDIC DYE (Eosin) - MIXTURE OF BASIC & ACIDIC DYES
|
Types of Staining Dyes
|
|
|
BASIC DYE (Methylene Blue) |
Basophilic materials like nucleus which stains blue
|
|
|
ACIDIC DYE (Eosin) |
Acidophilic or Eosinophilic materials like cytoplasmic materials
|
|
|
- BASIC DYE (Methylene Blue) - ACIDIC DYE (Eosin) - MIXTURE OF BASIC & ACIDIC DYES
|
Types of Staining Dyes
|
|
|
BASIC DYE (Methylene Blue) |
Basophilic materials like nucleus which stains blue
|
|
|
ACIDIC DYE (Eosin) |
Acidophilic or Eosinophilic materials like cytoplasmic materials
|
|
|
MIXTURE OF BASIC & ACIDIC DYES |
Stain neutrophilic materials
|
|
|
WRIGHT’S STAIN |
Romanowsky stain most satisfactory method in general routine work |
|
|
- BASIC DYE (Methylene Blue) - ACIDIC DYE (Eosin) - MIXTURE OF BASIC & ACIDIC DYES
|
Types of Staining Dyes
|
|
|
BASIC DYE (Methylene Blue) |
Basophilic materials like nucleus which stains blue
|
|
|
ACIDIC DYE (Eosin) |
Acidophilic or Eosinophilic materials like cytoplasmic materials
|
|
|
MIXTURE OF BASIC & ACIDIC DYES |
Stain neutrophilic materials
|
|
|
WRIGHT’S STAIN |
Romanowsky stain most satisfactory method in general routine work |
|
|
GIEMSA’S STAIN |
Romanowsky excellent stain for demonstrating inclusion bodies (e.g Malaria) |
|
|
- BASIC DYE (Methylene Blue) - ACIDIC DYE (Eosin) - MIXTURE OF BASIC & ACIDIC DYES
|
Types of Staining Dyes
|
|
|
BASIC DYE (Methylene Blue) |
Basophilic materials like nucleus which stains blue
|
|
|
ACIDIC DYE (Eosin) |
Acidophilic or Eosinophilic materials like cytoplasmic materials
|
|
|
MIXTURE OF BASIC & ACIDIC DYES |
Stain neutrophilic materials
|
|
|
WRIGHT’S STAIN |
Romanowsky stain most satisfactory method in general routine work |
|
|
GIEMSA’S STAIN |
Romanowsky excellent stain for demonstrating inclusion bodies (e.g Malaria) |
|
|
Wright’s Stain Leishman’s Stain Giemsa’s Stain Jenner-Giemsa May-Grünwald
|
ROMANOWSKY STAINS |
|
|
- Powdered Wright’s Stain - Methanol (Acetone free) |
Method I in Wright’s Stain |
|
|
- BASIC DYE (Methylene Blue) - ACIDIC DYE (Eosin) - MIXTURE OF BASIC & ACIDIC DYES
|
Types of Staining Dyes
|
|
|
BASIC DYE (Methylene Blue) |
Basophilic materials like nucleus which stains blue
|
|
|
ACIDIC DYE (Eosin) |
Acidophilic or Eosinophilic materials like cytoplasmic materials
|
|
|
MIXTURE OF BASIC & ACIDIC DYES |
Stain neutrophilic materials
|
|
|
WRIGHT’S STAIN |
Romanowsky stain most satisfactory method in general routine work |
|
|
GIEMSA’S STAIN |
Romanowsky excellent stain for demonstrating inclusion bodies (e.g Malaria) |
|
|
Wright’s Stain Leishman’s Stain Giemsa’s Stain Jenner-Giemsa May-Grünwald
|
ROMANOWSKY STAINS |
|
|
- Powdered Wright’s Stain - Methanol (Acetone free) |
Method I in Wright’s Stain |
|
|
- Powdered Wright’s Stain - Glycerol -Methanol (Acetone free) |
Method II sa research
|
|
|
Leishman’s Stain |
Powdered Wright’s Stain Absolute Methanol
|
|
|
Giemsa’s Stain |
Azure II-Eosin Azure II Glycerin Reagent Methanol (Acetone free)
|
|
|
Jenner-Giemsa |
Eosinate of Methylene blue Distilled water |
|
|
Giemsa’s Stain |
Azure II-Eosin Azure II Glycerin Reagent Methanol (Acetone free)
|
|
|
Jenner-Giemsa |
Eosinate of Methylene blue Distilled water |
|
|
May-Grünwald |
Eosinate of Methylene blue Methanol (Acetone free)
|
|
|
Neutrophils |
dark blue/bluish violet nucleus lilac pink/reddish-lilac granules |
|
|
Neutrophils |
dark blue/bluish violet nucleus lilac pink/reddish-lilac granules |
|
|
EOSINOPHILS |
dark blue nucleus red to orange granules
|
|
|
Neutrophils |
dark blue/bluish violet nucleus lilac pink/reddish-lilac granules |
|
|
EOSINOPHILS |
dark blue nucleus red to orange granules
|
|
|
BASOPHILS |
dark blue nucleus dark blue to black granules
|
|
|
Neutrophils |
dark blue/bluish violet nucleus lilac pink/reddish-lilac granules |
|
|
EOSINOPHILS |
dark blue nucleus red to orange granules
|
|
|
BASOPHILS |
dark blue nucleus dark blue to black granules
|
|
|
LYMPHOCYTES |
dark blue/deep purple blue nucleus Sky-blue/Robin egg-blue cytoplasm
|
|
|
Neutrophils |
dark blue/bluish violet nucleus lilac pink/reddish-lilac granules |
|
|
EOSINOPHILS |
dark blue nucleus red to orange granules
|
|
|
BASOPHILS |
dark blue nucleus dark blue to black granules
|
|
|
LYMPHOCYTES |
dark blue/deep purple blue nucleus Sky-blue/Robin egg-blue cytoplasm
|
|
|
Monocytes |
faint blue nucleus pale blue to gray cytoplasm
|
|
|
Neutrophils |
dark blue/bluish violet nucleus lilac pink/reddish-lilac granules |
|
|
EOSINOPHILS |
dark blue nucleus red to orange granules
|
|
|
BASOPHILS |
dark blue nucleus dark blue to black granules
|
|
|
LYMPHOCYTES |
dark blue/deep purple blue nucleus Sky-blue/Robin egg-blue cytoplasm
|
|
|
Monocytes |
faint blue nucleus pale blue to gray cytoplasm
|
|
|
Platelets |
pale lilac blue |
|
|
Erythrocytes |
pinkish buff to orange in case of nRBC: purple nucleus |
|
|
Bacteria |
blue/lilac blue |
|
|
• Inadequate polychroming of stain • Incorrect pH of buffer and staining solution [] Too acidic: RBC - red; WBC nuclei - pale/sky blue/colorless [] Too alkaline: RBC - deep blue • Wrong staining techniques [] Evaporation of stain causes precipitation (need lagi may takip, if may debris na namuo, you can sala ir using filter paper) [] Too much washing causes light smear [] Too little washing causes smear to remain dark blue |
FACTORS AFFECTING FAILURE TO OBTAIN RIGHT STAINING RESULTS |
|
|
• Inadequate polychroming of stain • Incorrect pH of buffer and staining solution [] Too acidic: RBC - red; WBC nuclei - pale/sky blue/colorless [] Too alkaline: RBC - deep blue • Wrong staining techniques [] Evaporation of stain causes precipitation (need lagi may takip, if may debris na namuo, you can sala ir using filter paper) [] Too much washing causes light smear [] Too little washing causes smear to remain dark blue |
FACTORS AFFECTING FAILURE TO OBTAIN RIGHT STAINING RESULTS |
|
|
• Arneth’s Classification • Schilling’s Classification
|
Methods of Classifying/Counting Cells
|
|
|
• Inadequate polychroming of stain • Incorrect pH of buffer and staining solution [] Too acidic: RBC - red; WBC nuclei - pale/sky blue/colorless [] Too alkaline: RBC - deep blue • Wrong staining techniques [] Evaporation of stain causes precipitation (need lagi may takip, if may debris na namuo, you can sala ir using filter paper) [] Too much washing causes light smear [] Too little washing causes smear to remain dark blue |
FACTORS AFFECTING FAILURE TO OBTAIN RIGHT STAINING RESULTS |
|
|
• Arneth’s Classification • Schilling’s Classification
|
Methods of Classifying/Counting Cells
|
|
|
Arneth’s Classification |
Neutrophils classified according to number of lobes their nuclei possess (age)
|
|
|
Schilling’s Classification |
Neutrophils classified according to granulation; younger forms – placed to the left and mature and old forms – placed to the right
|
|
|
Class I - one round/indented nucleus (5%) Class II - two lobes of nucleus (35%) Class III - three lobes of nucleus (41%) Class IV - four lobes of nucleus (17%) Class V - five or more lobes of nucleus (2%)
|
ARNETH’S CLASSIFICATION |
|
|
Class I - one round/indented nucleus (5%) Class II - two lobes of nucleus (35%) Class III - three lobes of nucleus (41%) Class IV - four lobes of nucleus (17%) Class V - five or more lobes of nucleus (2%)
|
ARNETH’S CLASSIFICATION |
|
|
SHIFT TO THE LEFT |
– increase in Classes I and II or the young forms |
|
|
Malignant Tumor Acute Infections Leukemia Acidosis Myocardial infarction Severe hemorrage |
SHIFT TO THE LEFT – increase in Classes I and II or the young forms L-MALAMS |
|
|
SHIFT TO THE RIGHT |
– increase in Classes IV and V or the mature and old forms
|
|
|
SHIFT TO THE RIGHT |
– increase in Classes IV and V or the mature and old forms
|
|
|
Congenital hypersegmentation Pernicious anemia Some liver diseases Sprue Steatorrhea |
SHIFT TO THE RIGHT – increase in Classes IV and V or the mature and old forms R-CPSSS |
|
|
SHIFT TO THE RIGHT |
– increase in Classes IV and V or the mature and old forms
|
|
|
Congenital hypersegmentation Pernicious anemia Some liver diseases Sprue Steatorrhea |
SHIFT TO THE RIGHT – increase in Classes IV and V or the mature and old forms R-CPSSS |
|
|
• Myeloblasts and promyelocytes (0) • Myelocytes (0) • Metamyelocytes (Juvenile cells) (0 – 1 %) • Stab (3 – 5 %) • Segmented Neutrophils (51 – 67 %)
|
SCHILLING’S CLASSIFICATION |
|
|
Regenerative Shift to the Left |
increase percent of young forms accompanied by WBC (e.g. appendicitis, sepsis) |
|
|
Degenerative Shift to the Left |
increase percent of young forms accompanied by normal or WBC (e.g. Typhoid fever, TB) |
|
|
Neutrophils: 51 – 67% Lymphocytes: 25 – 33 % Monocytes: 2 – 6 % Eosinophils: 1 – 4 % Basophils: 0 – 1 %
|
Normal Value Of Schilling’s Hemogram
NLMEB |
|
|
• Two - Field Meander • four fold meander • strip • exaggerated battlement • crenellation |
METHODS OF SCANNING SMEAR IN DIFFERENTIAL COUNT
|
|
|
Degenerative Shift to the Left |
increase percent of young forms accompanied by normal or WBC (e.g. Typhoid fever, TB) |
|
|
Neutrophils: 51 – 67% Lymphocytes: 25 – 33 % Monocytes: 2 – 6 % Eosinophils: 1 – 4 % Basophils: 0 – 1 %
|
Normal Value Of Schilling’s Hemogram
NLMEB |
|
|
• Two - Field Meander • four fold meander • strip • exaggerated battlement • crenellation |
METHODS OF SCANNING SMEAR IN DIFFERENTIAL COUNT
|
|
|
Relative Count − not very informative − just gives number of specific WBC type per 100 WBCs
Absolute Count − very informative −gives number of specific WBC type per mm^3 blood
|
REPORTING OF DIFFERENTIAL COUNT |
|
|
2 – 4 = 4,000 – 7,000 mm^3 4 – 6 = 7,000 – 10,000 mm^3 6 – 10 = 10,000 – 13,000 mm^3 10 – 20 = 13,000 – 18,000 mm^3
|
APPROXIMATION OF TOTAL WBC COUNT USING BLOOD SMEAR
|
