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39 Cards in this Set

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What is the function of vitamin B1 - thiamin?
Part of the co-enzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) which works with PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase; enzyme between pyruvate and acetyl-coA -- when pyruvate is active, 38 ATP produced; no PDH only 4 ATP)
What causes vitamin B1 - thiamin deficiency?
A reduction of food intake
What are the symptoms of vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency?
Beriberi - chronic thiamin deficiency, chronic weakness, weight loss
What's the difference between brown and white rice?
Brown vs white rice (bran layer of brown rice is thiamin rich - removal makes white rice)
Therefore brown rice is healthier but white rice is faster and easier to cook
What vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
What is the function of vitamin B2 riboflavin?
Co-enzymes FMA, FAD - picks up electrons and proteins, contributes to electron transport chain

Electron acceptor/transporter (keeps energy pathway going)
What are the associated symptoms of vitamin B2 riboflavin deficiency?
Ariboflavinosis (inflammation of membranes such as mouth, eyes, GI system, skin)

Accompanies many other micronutrient deficiencies
What is vitamin B3 and it's other forms?
Niacin (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide)
What is the function of vitamin B3 niacin?
Coenzymes/precursor for NAD and NADP
Can be synthesized from tryptophan (EAA)
Antioxidant
Role in lipid synthesis
What occurs with a deficiency of vitamin B3 niacin?
Pellagra - 4 D's
diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
What are the associated symptoms of vitamin B3 niacin toxicity?
Niacin flush (supplement form 3 to 4 times RDA) in nicotinic acid form. Blood vessel dilation, painful tingling sensation.
What are the benefits and pharmacological doses of taking vitamin B3 niacin?
High doses can treat LDL cholesterol but must be monitored for side effects
What is the function of biotin?
Coenzyme that is involved in the Kreb's cycle
Part of pyruvate carboxylase (makes oxaloacetate from pyruvate)
Contributes to gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis
What causes biotin deficiency?
Chronic consumption of raw egg whites (egg whites contain avidin, which binds to biotin)
Skin rash, hair loss, neurological symptoms
What is the function of pantothenic acid?
Part of co-enzyme A; makes Acetyl CoA
Synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, hormones, hemoglobin
What are symptoms associated with pantothenic acid deficiency?
Fatigue, neurological symptoms
What is the function of B6?
Functions as a co-enzyme
What does vitamin B6 have to do with protein metabolism?
11 non-essential AAs, without B6 all AAs become essential. Basically B6 part of enzyme (amino transferase) makes non-essential AAs
What does vitamin B6 have to do with blood cell synthesis?
Deficiency of B6 in this dimension results in?
Red and white blood cells
Assists with oxygen binding to hemogloblin
Deficiency leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia (RBC smaller than normal and lacks Hb)
How does Vitamin B6 reduce the risk of myocardial infarction?
PLP-dependent enzymes convert homocysteine to cystein (PLP = B6) > High levels of homocysteine is related to plaque formation (CVD)

Homocystinuria - inherited disease, lack of enzyme metabolizing cysteine
What food sources can one get vitamin B6 from?
B6 happens to be quite abundant in food sources
Fortified ready to eat cereals
Meat, fish and poultry
Bananas, watermelon, potatoes
Vitamin B6 deficiency is ...
rare; leads to anemia, nervous system symptoms ... accompanies other nutritional deficiencies
Vitamin B6 toxicity can lead to ...
Protein modification where neurons can be affected leading to permanent nerve damage
What are the components of folate?
3 parts (glutamate, PABA, and pteridine)
3-11 glutamate molecules; only AA metabolized by brain neurons
How does folate exist in the small intestine?
1 glutamate remains and becomes folic acid (most stable form used in supplements and fortification)
What are the functions of folate?
Amino acid metabolism
DNA synthesis
Cell division
Most critical in embryo formation
What is the purpose of fortifying foods?
Folate deficiency is linked to birth defect (conception and early development)
Cooking easily destroys food sources of folate (steaming, stir-frying, microwaving)
Foods are fortified because folate is not as abundant in foods
What is associated with folate deficiency (the most prevalent deficiency)?
Heart disease (Elevated homocysteine levels)
Megaloblastic anemia - due to impaired DNA synthesis in developing RBC
DNA synthesis impaired - RBC, WBC, and GI cells
What are the implications of folate deficiency in neonatals and newborns?
Folate is important in embryonic growth, fetal growth, newborn growth for DNA synthesis
Neural tube defects (incomplete closure of spinal canal; anencephaly where part or all of brain missing)
For how long can the body store folate?
1-4 months
What is B12?
A water soluble vitamin (cobalamin, cobalt-containing compounds)
What are the functions of B12?
Plays a key role in folate metabolism
Helps to maintain myelin sheath
Where is B12 absorbed?
In the ileum, binds to a protein transporter
What happens in B12 toxicity?
None established
Vitamin B12 deficiency can be caused by ...
Those at most risk are ...
Impaired absorptions which may require monthly injections (B12 stored in liver)
Vegetarians are at risk; supplements or fortified cereals
Vegan mothers nursing; recommended to take supplements
How is Vitamin C an anti-oxidant?
Stabilizes superoxide to peroxide
What are 4 other function so Vitamin C?
Collagen synthesis: needed for tissue injury, inflammatory response, increases rate of collagen synthesis
Enhances non-heme iron absorption (plants)
Synthesis of carnitine; beta-oxidation
Supports immune function
Toxicity of Vitamin C is due to ..... with the associated symptoms including ....
Megadose (10x RDA)
Abdominal cramps, nausea, nosebleeds
Existing kidney disease, kidney stone development
What is hemochromatosis and what does it have to do with Vitamin C?
Metabolic disorder, excess iron deposits in body due to action of vitamin C enhancing iron absorption