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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What should be done if a person ingest a large amount of fluoride?
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Give the person large quantities of water to dilute the acid. Do NOT induce vomiting.
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What is the most commonly used compound to fluoridate water?
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Hydro fluosilicic acid -- fluosilicic acid
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What is the (mcL) for fluoride in water?
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4.0 mg/L
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What is the formula to determine the dosage of PAC in either pounds/gallons or pounds/mg?
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Desired PAC, (PAC core, mg/L [3.785 L/g] lbs/gal = 1000 mg/gm) 454 gm (lbs)
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Why must Permanganate Storage facilities be dry and well ventilated?
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Moisture in the atmosphere can cause calking of the material,this will cause the feeder to clog and prevent accurate delivery of the KmnO4.
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What should be done if significant over feeding of floride occurs?
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Plant should be shut down, the effluent should be flushed, and local and state health Dept. notified.
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Exceeding what level of fluoride in water will cause mottling if the teeth to occur?
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1.5 mg/L
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What are unique considerations for granular activated carbon filtration compared with other typical water treatment filters?
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(EBCT) Empty Bed Conent Time and Regeneration interval of the carbon.
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How does drinking water regulations define the type of population served by the system?
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community / non-community systems.
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What may happen if excessive amounts of water is removed from an aquifer?
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The soil my settle and cause compaction of the aquifer. Which, results in closing of the pores. Through which water moves.
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What might cause color in water?
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(NOM) natural organic material, from decaying vegetation and certain organic materials.
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What base is an acid solution and should be handled like a weak acid?
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Liquid Alum
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What is the correct procedure to clean potassium permanganate spills?
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Sweep up and flush with water.
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What should be done if a operator inhales acid vapors?
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Fresh (artificial) air and CPR
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What is the first aid procedure for fluoride poisoning?
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Move person away and give person THREE table spoons of salt water.
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What type of valve is used primarily as a control valve?
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Butterfly valve.
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What consumes the greatest amount of electricity in a water plant?
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Electric motors.
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What is the minimum supply of chlorine a water plant should have on line?
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15 day supply
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What factors influence the amount of water to be treated daily? (3)
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Storage Reserves
Historical records Weather Conditions |
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What should you do if you discover insufficient or no chlorine in your clear well?
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Increase the finish water dosage and review plant records.
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Where is a sample taken to ensure compliance with MCL?
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Where the water enters the distribution system.
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What are major concerns the operator should prepare for each day?
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To provide suitable and sufficient quantity of water.
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What would happen if the suction lift is higher than anticipated?
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There would be a reduction rate at discharge.
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What is the proper time to remove dried sludge from the drying bed?
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When large cracks develop and have dried to a checker problem.
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What should be done with backwash water?
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It can be recycled through the water treatment plant.
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What may be used instead of Alum to reduce the quantity of sludge produced?
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Organic polymers
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Why should water soften by ION exchange (Zeolite) not discharge into low flow streams?
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It has a high concentration of TDS and/or chloride compounds.
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What is required to dewater gelations (jelly-like) alum sludge?
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Precoat of diatomaceous earth.
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What is a major limitation of using centrifuge for dewatering sludge
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High energy consumption.
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What is considered the most important function at aeration?
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The removal of CO2 from water/ the addition of D.O. to removal of iron
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The concentration of what volatile matter are effected by aeration?
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Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide Hydrogen Sulfide |
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Why is aeration a inefficient method for removing taste and odors?
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Most substances are not sufficiently volatile.
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What happens with the absence of solids in the reaction zone?
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Improper coagulation.
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What should be done if the slurry rises to the top and is carried over the wires?
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Reduce the return rate, Increase weighting agents.
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When performing a v/v test, how much slurry is collected? How long does it settle?
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100 mL
Sits for 10 mins |
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What are the different chambers of a sold contact basin?
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inlet
settling sludge outlet |
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How much alkalinity is required to use Alum?
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.45 mg/L
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What condition can have a adverse affect on tube settler?
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Weather conditions.
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How is the percentage of slurry present in he reaction zone determined?
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v/v tests
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What is the purpose of the sedimentation process?
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To remove particles heavier then water (.10) and reduce the load to the filters.
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What is the name of a polymer having positively charged groups of ions?
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Cation polymer
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What is the recommended detention time for flocculation?
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Direct Filtration 5-20 mins
Conventional 30 mins |
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How long is the mixing time for coagulation process?
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Several seconds
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The appearance of fine floc particles over the weirs?
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To much Alum (polymer)
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What PH values tend to favor positively charge species?
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Lower the better
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What is the process of enhanced coagulation designed to remove?
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NOM: Natural Order Matter
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How have anionic or nonionic polymers aided in coagulation?
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Coag-filter aids
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Why is the removal of (NOM) Natural Organic Matter disirable?
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Because the premote THMs
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What is the name of the process in which a tank is filled, the water leaked, then the tank is emptied?
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Batch process
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What is the best range of PH for coagulation?
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5-7
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How can alkalinity be increased?
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Lime or soda ash
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High turbidity and coagulation in settled water?
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Check for floc carry over, adjust polymer, jar test.
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Tiny alum floc may be an indication of what? What if it has a blueish tint or milky appearance?
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Dose is to low or Dose is to high.
*As PH increases so will color. |
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How would you treat a high content of dissolved minerals?
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Ion exchange.
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What is water flux and mineral flux?
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The flow of water/mineral though a membrane.
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Recovery rate is usually limited by
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desired water quality and solubility of minerals in brine.
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Osmosis
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The passage of a weak solution to a more concentrated one.
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When additional pressure is applied to the membrane, with a concentrated solution...
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Water flux is dependent on pressure, while mineral flux is not therefore water flow increases and mineral flow remains constant.
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How do Hydrolysis influence the mineral rejection capability of a membrane?
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Hydrolysis results in a lessening mineral rejection.
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Why is there a reduction of water flux over time?
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Membrane compaction.
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How will an increase in feed water temperature effect the flux?
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As temperature increase so does flux.
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What is the build-up of retained particles on the membrane surface called?
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Concentration polarization.
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Iron in what form is not harmful to the R.O. process?
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Ferrous Form.
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What class do the different fire extinguisher used for..?
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A) Ordinary combustion less
B) Liquids C) Electrical D) Metals |
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How often should surface water be measured for turbity?
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Every four hours
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What must be determined when reporting conductivity value?
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Sample temperature 25 degrees C
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What happens when the chlorine inlet shut off fails?
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The vent valve discharges the incoming gas.
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What is the IDHL of chlorine?
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10 PPM
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What are the three absorption solution for chlorine?
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1) Caustic soda (sodium hydrazide)
2) Soda Ash (sodium carbonate) 3) Lime (calcium hydroxide) |
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What would be a probable cause if you have water in the chlorine meter tube?
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Check valve failure.
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What happens if you increase the chlorine dosage, in regards to Chloramines and ammonia?
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The combine residual increases and excess ammonia decreases.
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What should be tested if the distribution is using chloramine for for disinfection?
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Total chlorine residual, no free chlorine should be present.
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What is the maximum amount of ammonia to chlorine that can be achieved?
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5:1
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How can a leaking valve stem be stopped?
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Tighten the packing glands / Close the valve
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What should be done if the valve on a chlorine cylinder will not turn properly?
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Loosen the packing gland
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What type of tool is used to turn chlorine valves?
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Open ended wrenches.
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Chlorinator will feed at max but will not control at low rates?
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Vacuum regulating valves.
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What dosage of chlorine to ammonia will form mono-chloramines, what would be the the ratio?
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3:1
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How often should valves be exercised, including flex connectors and filter bypass?
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Monthly.
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What creates the vacuum that moves chlorine gas?
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Ejector.
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When will nitrification NOT lower the water quality?
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When it reaches completion (incomplete nitrification produces nitrites)
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What is the general criteria to be met by surface water treatment?
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At least 99.9% removal of viruses and inactivation of Giardia cyst's.
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How often should you examine the filter media?
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Yearly.
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Why should the surface wash system be activated, just before the backwash cycle?
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It aids in removing solids on the filter, also prevents mud balls.
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What is the range of the backwash flow rate to clean a filter
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10-25 Min.
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Why is pretreatment very important to the filter process
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Floc must be small enough to penetrate the upper media bed or, it will clog the filter
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When would you use activated carbon along with gravity flow media
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To remove taste and odor, along with organic substances
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What media size should be considered if both head-loss AND turbidity breakthrough are a problem
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A deeper filter bed with a larger media size
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If a filter is operated at a head-loss that exceeds the head of the water over the media what will happen
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Air will be released
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What is the advantage to backwashing a diatomacous earth filter
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Less water is required
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How do you prevent mudballs
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Proper surface washing
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What are the three operational controls that an operator can adjust in a solid contact basin
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chemical dosage, recirculation rate, and sludge control
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What is sufficient time period for flocculation to settle in the settling zone
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3 or more hours
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What is a major disadvantage at using a solid contact clarifier
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Higher operator knowledge
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What should be the PH level for effective removal of gasses by aeration
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the lower the better
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how often should you preform the V/V test
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Hourly
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What is the general range of air required to treat water
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0.01 - 0.15 Ft/Gal
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What is unique characteristic does sludge have once it is partially dried
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It will not expand, therefore wet sludge can be added on top of dried sludge
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Where is dried sludge from lime / soda softening process stored
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In lagoons, or applied to agriculture lands for PH control
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Why is the discharge of lime / soda sludge into the waste water collection bad
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It could clog pipes /good/ because it could aid in PH control or coagulant
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Why should the backwash recovery suction pipe be located near the surface of a pond
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So excess water can be recycled without drawing out sludge
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How does lime sludge aid inthe reclamation of spoiled lands
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It neutralizes acidic soil and helps the low PH in the soil
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Define a community water system
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At least 15 service connections, used by year round residents
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Define a Non-community system
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At least 25 connections of the same people over a 6 months
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How long must an operator keep records for
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bacteriological (5) years
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How can a utility keep from mandatory filtration
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Turbidity less than 5 NTU's and Fecal must be less than 20/100 samples
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When analyzing for organics or inorganics, what should be done if a MCL is exceeded
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Report with-in 7 days / take 3 additional samples
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What rule would an operator find information on cross connection
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62-555
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What should be done if coliform test come back positive
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Take repeat samples with in 24 hours, if repeat sample is positive than notify the state
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If hydrogen ION's are in excess what is the condition of the solution
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Hydrogen - acidic /
Hydroxide - base (alkaline) |
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What is the total coliform rule for positive hits
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< less than 40 samples - one sample may test positive
> more than 40 sample taken than 5% Including repeat samples |
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Tier I violation
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A routine sample testing positive for fecal
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Tier II violation
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Exceeding a MCL ,or not using proper testing procedure
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If routine testing for chlorine residual shows less than 0.2, what should you do
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Recheck sample in one hour
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What is the best available procedure for pesticides
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Activated carbon
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When counting colonies, what color represents fecal, and what color represents non-fecal
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Fecal / blue
non-fecal / gray or cream |
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When preforming a taste test what temperature is recommended
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Do not exceed tap water temperature
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At what concentration can iron be detected by people
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0.3 mg/l
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How does total colifrom rule determine compliance
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It uses the presence / absence approach rather than estimation
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What does the prefix milli, or micro mean / convert 750 milliliter into liters
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1/1000, or 0.001
750 ml = .750 liters |
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What is the most common color that occurs in raw water
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The presents of metallic ION;s - yellow or brown
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What does the Colbert method of detection indicate
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How target microbes are metabolized
Yellow and Florance, confirm the presence of total coliform |
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When collecting a sample from a faucet, what is the correct velocity to fill the bottle
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1/2 half gallon a minute, allow the line to flush until it has been replaced twice
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When preforming a hardness test what can interfere with the test
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Metallic ION;s; interference by causing fading or indistinct end points
If this is the case use an inhibitor |
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What procedure is used in the membrane test after a positive total coliform hit
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Transfer the total coliform colony to a tube of EC media
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What are the secondary standard for iron and manganese
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Iron - 0.3
manganese - 0.05 |
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At what alkalinity is copper sulfate most effective
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Under 50Mg/l
Over 150Mg/l citric acid must be added Copper sulfate (blue stone) is absorbed |
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Generally what charge do particles have after a primary coagulent is added
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primary coagulents neutralize the charge and cause them to clump together
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How much chemicals must be added to form a precipitate (floc)
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sufficient chemical must be added to exceed the solubility limit of the metal hydroxide, resulting in the formation of a precipitate (floc)
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What is apparent color
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water that has not been filtered
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What is a major disadvantage of circular (clarifiers) type basins
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Short circuiting
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what is a major advantage of contact basin
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The ability to adjust the volume of slurry
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Where does coagulation/ floculation occur
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In the reaction zone
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How long should floc be visible in a solids contact basin
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When sedimentation is working properly the floc will be visible for only a short distance, in the reaction zone.
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Dual media filter beds generally consists of
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Anthracite coal on top and sand on the bottom
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What is the designed headloss for most filters
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6-10, and clogging leads to break-thu
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When is diomaccous earth media not recommended
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It is not recommended for larger plants because of decreased reliability
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Why is air bound a problem in filters
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Because, this prevents water from passing thru the media, and causes shorter filter runs
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At what alkalinity is copper sulfate most/least effective
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Copper sulfate is most effective at alkalinity under 50Mg/l and at 150Mg/l citric acid must be added
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What is the regeneration cycle
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A softer that has taken on all the iron and manganese ions it can must be regenerated with fresh brine
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In membrane filtration, why should the recovery valve never be fully closed
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Because 100% recovery will damage the membrane
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What is the typical rejection rate of a membrane filter
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92-99%
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As rejection increases what happens to the mineral concentration
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It also increases
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As water flux increases, what happens to the mineral flux
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The flux remains contestant, however the concentration increases
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What is premate water
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Water that has been filtered thru a membrane filter
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What is osmosis
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The passage of a liquid into a more concentrated one
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What form of ions are calcium and manganese
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Cations -and it is measured by titration
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What is the preferred method of measurement for iron and manganese
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Atomic absorption, although titration is more common
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What is an inexpensive way to lower manganese
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By adding polyphosphate, although to much will turn your water pink
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What D.O. is recommended for an ion exchange
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Zero , and it should be kept closed to the design flow
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What is an inexpensive way to lower iron
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aeration, this is not recommend for manganese
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What is a quick way to measure iron and manganese
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Add chlorine, if the water develops a brown floc then treatment is inadequate / if the water turns pink then you are over dosing the phosphate
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What is the most widely used fluoride
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Sodium fluoride, although hydrofluoric is the easier
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What is a common symptom of fluoride poisoning
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Being thirsty
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What is a main consideration when using copper sulfate
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The killing of microbes can lead to taste and odor problems
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What can be used to lower the organic content of water
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Alum
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What can be done if volatile compounds, like nitrate are becoming a problem
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simple aeration will help
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What is usually associated with fishy smells
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blue / green alge
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What is generally associated with taste and odor problems
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Nonvolatile organics are associated with taste ,and, volatile are generally odor
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Why should you never store potassium together with carbon
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Both are very flammable
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What are the MCL's for the following lead, copper, nitrate, THM's, iron, and manganese
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Lead- 0.015
copper-1.3 THM-0.10 nitrate-10.0 iron-0.3 manganese-0.05 |
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When will the langler show a false "noncorrosive" index
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When you have low alkalinity and a high PH
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What PH and alkalinity reflect the best results on the langler index
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A PH of 6.5-9.5
Alkalinity over 40Mg/l |
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What water conditions will yeild the best results when adding lime
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Low hardness and enough alkalinity to form calcium carbonate
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How does alkalinity work to buffer against change
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It neutralize the acid or base of PH
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What is the most corrosive component of water
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Oxygen
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What is hardness
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It is the scale forming component of water. Mostly iron and manganese
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What is the most widely used form of corrosion control
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phosphate and silicate
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What are some common negative/ positive ions in water
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Negative-Bicarbonate,carbonate,
Positive-hydrogen, iron, lead |
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What happens when you combine chlorine and water
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You form hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid
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What must happen before you can achieve corrosion
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Both an electrical current and a chemical reaction
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What is an anode
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The point where metal is lost and an electrical current begins
'Anode' is the Positively charged Electrode |
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What is an cathode
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The point where the electrical current leaves the metal flows to the anode
A 'Cathode' is a Negatively charged Electrode |
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Why are base metals used as sacrificial metals
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Because they are very reactive
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Why should you never store quick lime and Alum together
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Because quick lime when added to water produces a great amount of heat
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