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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acidity (how is surface water formed) (what types of ions form) |
-Measure of acids in a solution -Surface water acidity is caused by carbon dioxide in air forming carbonic acid in the water. -If pH in water is greater than 4.5, then it ionizes to form bicarbonate -if pH in water is greater than 8.3, carbonate ions form -measured via titration IN TERMS OF CaCO3 |
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Alkalinity |
Measure of the ability of a water to neautrlize acids (absorb H+ without significant pH change) From negatively charged anions Examples: OH-, CO3--, HCO3-, NO3- Measured as equivalent CaCO3 |
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Hardness |
-Presence of polyvalent, 2 or more charged metallic cations (in grains per gallon) -Carbonate hardness is from Ca(CO3)2 and Mg(CO3)2 is scale and is removed by heating..... Noncarbonate hardness (aka permanent hardness) is removed from lime soda ash process, and also can be removed via ion exchange with +1 metals -Involved in anything |
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National Primary Drinking Water Regulations |
EPA established primary levels important to health: -MCL (minimum contaminant levels): enforceable -MCLG (maximum contaminant level goals): nonenforceable amount in which maximum amount possible without achieving any health effects |
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National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations |
Designed to protect public welfare (aesthetics) such as coloration, taste, pH, corrosivity -Limit of 500mg/L for Dissolved |
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Iron |
-At low concentrations it can stain procelain, brown laundry coloring, and can be tasted -When ground water is pumped, aqueous Iron also gets picked up, then when in contact with atmosphere it gets oxidized becoming the insoluble state |
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Fluoride |
-Mostly found in ground water -Too small concentrations: decreases enamel resistance to decay -Too large concentrations: causes Fluorosis (brown discoloration) -Recommendations based on temperatures |
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Phosphorus |
-Concern for Wastewater... Excess: causes aquatic plant growth, and then eutrophication (over fertilization of receiving waters) -Orthophosphate(organic-dissolved soluble), polyphopshates (detergents ionic compounds), Allochthonous phosphorus (particulate from watershed), Autochthonous phosphorus (particulate from lake) -Bioavailible phosphorus (for algae growth) cannot exceed 60% of overall phosphorus.....recycled P is from Fe&Mg reduction in anaerobic lakes (algae, macrophytes, phytoplankton) |
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Nitrogen |
From containmentated groundwater (from barnyard runoff, and ferlitization) -NH3 can cross membranes and be toxic to life -Measured by distillation and titration -Too much NO3 in lake can cause methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) |
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Nitrogen to Phosphorus Ratio for Algae Growth |
N:P is 16:1 |
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Color |
True Color: Substances in solutions Apparent (organic) color: Organics in suspension Standard Color Ranges from 0(clear) to 70 -From Positively charged cations |
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Turbidity |
CLOUDINESS: Measure of light transmitting properties of water (suspended and colloidal material)(viruses and baterial attach to this particles for protection) Units: NTU (nephlometric turbidity units) [5NTU or more is visible][25 is typical lake][100 is muddy water] |
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Turbid waters |
water with high concentrations of suspended solids |
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Chlorine |
Chlorine gas forms HCl and HClO3 acids Free chlorine (hypochlorous acid[HClO2] and hypochlorite ions) combine wih NH3 to form Chloramines which are more stable and less effective for disinfecting |
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Halogentated Compounds |
-Can form carcinogenic compounds -Precursors: organics that are not yet carcinogenic -DBPs (disinfection by-products): chlorinated end products are harmful DBP examples--HAAs[trihalomethanes] DHANs[dihalomethanes] DHANs[dihalonitriles], and Trichlorophenols |
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How to avoid DBPs |
-use water source with no precursors -remove precursors by adding oxidizers(like KMnO4 and ClO2) materials at various depths -delay chlorination until flocculation, coagulation, settling and filtration is complete -Dechlorinate if chlorination was done early -Use alternative disinfectants such as O3, Chloramines, ClO3, I, Br, KMnO4, H2O2, UV radiation |
