Water Borne Disease References

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Falkenmark & Rockstrom 2004

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1 billion people lack access to adequate drinking water

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Falkenmark & Rockstrom 2004

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2 billion pople still do not have access to adequate sanitation

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Falkenmark & Rockstrom 2004

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Frustrations related to human water supply and sanitation are management failures not reduced water scarcity

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Who

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Water-related disease takes the loves of 14,000 people each day and is responsible for 80% of sickness in the world.
Provision of safe drinking water and proper disposal of human excreta are the best overall impact on national development and public needs

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UNICER

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In 1993 alone 3.8 million children under the age of five dead from diarrhoea resulting from ingesting waterborne pathogens

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Clarke and King 2004

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it is different to quantify disease much goes undiagnosed and unreported as extent of water borne diseases measured by voluntary reporting scheme release on accurate Identification of cause of illness.

Cities with better economic states e.g Aman jordan and Vilnius Lithuania more than 50% of waste water treated

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Gleick, 1998

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Inequalities in drinking water most of africa countris more than 50% of population without drinking water in the developed world mostly less than 25%.
Inequalities in sanitation.
78% of population without sanitation

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Westcoat and white, 2003

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Inadequate water by social groups in the USA majority of house holds without indoor plumbing in rural areas - main central city areas.
Majority of houses without plumbing in rural areas

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Nash, 1993

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Natural treatment processes in rivers: sedimentation -aeration -mixing -bacterial processing

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Harron et al 2004 and rose 2001

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Climate Change - There is a ling with water borne disease and heavy rainfall

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Gray, 2008

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In half the samples tested in the UK and in 97% of surface water in the US Crytosporidium was found

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Smenza et al, 1998

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Deterorating water treatment facilities and distribution pose significant public health threat in former Sovient Union.

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2. Smenza et al, 1998

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Internention to decrease disease burden = upgrading distrubution networks to installing reverse osmosis technology.

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3. Smenza et al, 1998

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Conducted random intervention study to provide epidemiologic data for water policy decisions in Nukus Uzbekistan drinking water quality here is suboptimal/

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4. Smenza et al, 1998

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Home chlorination intervention group had the lowest diarrhoea rate (28.8/1,000 subjects / month) despite lack of access to piped water in their homes.
More than 30% of houses holds with piped water lacked detectable levels of chlorine in drinking waer