Water And Waste Water - Eayh Final

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abel wolman

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working in cooperation with linn enslow in 1918 he standardized the methods used to chlorinate baltimore and other major cities water supplies

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minimum standard to meet four basic needs is

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50-100 liters per day

drinking
sanitation
bathing
cooking

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categories of freshwater use

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agriculture 70%
industry 22%
domestic 8%

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cuyahoga river fire

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june 1969
cleveland, ohio

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sources of pollutants

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industry- inorganic/organic chemicals and thermal, particulate, color, etc.

municipalities and onsite wastewater treatment (liquid sewage and sludge)

agricultural

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agriculture (the biggest pollutant)

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eroded sediment
fertilizers - eutrophication
pesticides
animal wastes - especially from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs)
farming is responsible for 70% of current water pollution from the US

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industrial pollution

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200 to 400 major chemicals contaminate the world's rivers

70,000 different chemical substances are in use

in the US 700 chemicals have been detected in drinking water, 129 of them considered highly toxic but the levels are usually very low

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clean water act

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enacted in 1972
two major parts:

regulatory provisions that impose progressively more stringent requirements on industries and cities in order to meet the statutory goal of zero pollutants

provisions that authorize federal financial assistance for municipal wastewater treatment construction

the goal is to make ALL WATERS FISHABLE AND SWIMABLE

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39% of streams, 45% of lakes, and 51% of estuaries are ______

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not clean enough to support uses such as swimming and fishing

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safe drinking water act

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passed by congress in 1974 to protect public health by regulating the nation's water supply

authorizes the USEPA to set legally enforceable national health- based standards to protect against contaminants that may be found in drinking water

applies to every public water system in the US

a public water system must have at least 15 service connections or serve at least 25 people per day for 60 days of the year

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diarrhea

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5 to 6 billion cases per year, 2 to 4 million deaths per year

1.5 million children <5 die from diarrheal diseases each year (greater than aids, malaria, and measles combined)

estimated that more than 1/2 of hospital patients suffer from water-related diseases

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three groups of microorganisms

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bacteria
parasites
viruses

(keep in mind: the size of the microorganism and its resistance to environmental degradation and chemical inactivation)

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microorganisms resistance to disinfection and environmental degradation

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parasites > viruses > bacteria

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bacteria (0.5 to 2 microns)

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escherichia coli
salmonella
campylobacter
yersinia
vibro
clostridium

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parasites (1 to 10 microns)

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giardia
cryptosporidium (chlorine will deactivate it)
microsporidia
cyclospora

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viruses (0.025 to 1.0 microns)

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rotvirus
human caliciviruses
hepatitis a virus

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baltimore department of public works: bureau of water and wastewater

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filters and distributes 265 million gallons per day of drinking water

collects and treats 240 MGD of wastewater

24% of produced drinking water is unaccounted for (leaks, firefighting, lawns, etc.)

less than 1% is used for human consumption

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treatment of drinking water

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coagulation
flocculation
sedimentation
filtration
disinfection
distribution

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rapid sand filter media

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settled water is further treated by filtration. in the us rapid sand filtration is commonly used.

the filters contain a 2 bed media consisting of coal and sand 2-4 feet deep

filters become clogged after 12-72 hours and must be backwashed to clean the filter, backwash must then be discharged into the sewer

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milwaukee water treatment plan

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turbidity in the finished water increased from 0.25 to 1.7 NTU

new coagulant used to control corrosion

backwashed water recycled to the start of the plant

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coagulation

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chemicals are added to the water to create a coagulant

the highly charged AL+++ attracts the negatively charges colloidal suspended particles in the water and together forms a gelatinous mass called floc

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flocculation and sedimentation

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once flocculation has been established by rapid mixing, the water is slowly and gently stirred to enable the finely divided floc to agglomerate into larger particles that will rapidly settle

during flocculation, larger particles in the water (including pathogens) are enmeshed in the floc, and ionic, colloidal and suspended particles are absorbed to its surface in the water. dissolved contaminants are not removed

for sedimentation, the water is allowed to undergo a period of quiescence. the settled floc or sludge is removed for the bottom of the settling tank and sent to disposal

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filtration

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settled water is further treated by filtrated. in the US, rapid sand filtration is commonly used. these filters contain a dual bed media consisting of coal and sand 2-4 feet deep

filters become clogged after 12-72 hours of filtration and must be backwashed to clean the filter. backwash water must be discharged into the sewer

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disinfection

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removal of infectious material to a level such that disease cannot be detected

i.e. elimination of pathogens that cause waterborne disease

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drinking water disinfectants: pros and cons

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cholrine
pro - cheap, good disinfectant, provides residual
con - relatively unusable forms disinfection by products that are potentially carcinogenic

ozone
pros - good disinfectant, fewer DBPs
cons - no residual, expensive

UV radiation
pros - effective on cryptosporidium, no DBPs, no storage problems
cons: no residual, interference by solids and turbidity

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chlorine as a disinfectant

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a vast majority of drinking water treatment plants use chlorine as the primary disinfectant

can effectively inactivate many types of microorganisms

provides a strong residual

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Disinfection By-Products (DBPs)

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when chlorine reacts with naturally occurring dissolved organic material (humics) in water, potentially carcinogenic by-products such as THMs are generated

major efforts in the drinking water field are focused on reducing DPBs while still providing adequate microbial protection

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distribution

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maintaining a residual disinfectant in the distribution pipes is critical

cross connection between sewer and water lines
back siphoning due to pressure changes
reduction of biofilm growth on the interior of the pipes

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bottled water

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regulated by the FDA (EPA regulates surface and ground drinking water)

there are several types of bottled water depending on the water source and the methods used to treat it (artesian, fluoridated, ground, mineral, etc.)

municipal water is used as a source for 35% f the bottled water sold in the US
most of the water has gone through additional processing
images in logos can be misleading

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energy required to make PET plastic

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americans drank 37 billion bottles of water in 2008

the equivalent of more than 17 million barrels of oil were needed to produce these plastic bottles

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carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of bottled water

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the manufacture of every ton o fPET produces around 3 tons of carbon dioxide

bottling water thus created more than 2.5 million tons of CO2 in 2006

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wastewater treatment

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the aim of sewage treatment is to improve the quality of wastewater to the point that it can be discharged into a waterway without seriously disrupting the aquatic environment or causing human health problems in the form of waterborne disease

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composition of domestic wastewater

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domestic wastewater is primarily a combination of human feces, urine, and "gray water" (water from washing, meal prep, etc.)

water from various businesses and industries also enter the system

people excrete 100-500 grams wet weight of feces and 1-1.3 of urine per person per day

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domestic raw sewage

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in developing countries, on average 90-95% of all domestic sewage and 75% of all industrial waste are discharged into surface waters without any treatment

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wastewater components of concern

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pathogens
BOD
suspended solids
toxic chemicals - e.g. prescription drugs, household and industrial compounds, antibiotics, hormones
nutrients (N and P)

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biochemical oxygen demand

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one of the major objectives of domestic waste treatment is the reduction of BOD which may be in the form of solids or soluble

BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by microorganisms during biochemcial oxidation of organic and inorganic matter