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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percentage of water does a person's weight make up
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about 60 percent but it can range from 50-75
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Water
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Intracellular Fuild - 2/3 of body's water
Extracellular Fluid- Intersital (fluid between cells) and intravascular (blood and lymph) Contains solutes - electrolytes: cation and anions |
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Maintenanceof Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Balance
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•Transmembranepumps –Sodium,Potassium moved against concentration gradient |
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Osmosis
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Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
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Functions of Water
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•Maintenance of blood volume •Transport of nutrients and oxygen •Fluid synthesis •Lubricant in knees and joints Solvent in metabolic processes –Sucrose + H2O --> Glucose + Fructose •Temperature Regulation –Specific Heat •Waste Product Removal –urea |
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Water sources
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•Waterin Foods –% infoods –Sweetenedbeverages provide little satiety and few micronutrients |
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Water Needs
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-AI:15 cups adult men (3.7 L) 11 cups adult women (2.7 L) -Basedon 80% fluid intake 20% food intake -Needsmet when intake = output |
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Regulation of Water
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•Smalllosses are compensated for by quickly–Kidneys,brain, lungs, liver •Body’sresponse to loss of water –Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) – Renin-angiotensinsystem –Aldosterone •Dehydration –signs •WaterToxicity –Hyponatremia |
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Global perspective - water for everyone
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•Contamination •Public water systems –Remove many hazards •Disinfectants –Testing and reporting every city has aweb page with this information |
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Major versus Trace minerals
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Need to consume more major minerals than trace minerals
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Absorption, Transport, and Excretion of Minerals
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–Bioavailability –Phyticacid, oxalic acid, polyphenols - Roleof gastric acidity |
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Mineral Deficiencies
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–Calcium,potassium, magnesium , iron, zinc, and iodine
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Sodium
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•Source –Salt—1tsp~2300mg •40%Na+ •60% Cl- –Grains,processed foods, soups and sauces –Unprocessedfoods little sodium •Exceptionmilk (100mg/cup) –Processedfoods •Flavoring•Enhancers •Preservatives •Leavingagents •Curingagents •Colorpreservatives •Anticakingagents |
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Main functions of Sodium
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–Absorptionof glucose and some amino acids –Normalmuscle and nerve function –Waterbalance |
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Sodium Deficiency
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–Rare(hyponatremia) –Excessiveperspiration, diarrhea, vomiting |
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Sodium needs
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•Excessand Upper Level–UL:2,300mg |
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Postassium Sources and Needs
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•Foods–Unprocessedfoods: fruits, vegetables, milk, whole grains
•Needs –AI:4,700mg –DV:3,500mg –TypicalUS adult intake falls below both |
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Functions of Potassium
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–Majorcationinside cells –Highintake suppresses renin-angiotensissystem and promotes excretion of sodium |
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Potassium Deficiency and Needs
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–Hypokalemia(life-threatening) –Depletionby some diuretics
•Excessand Upper Level –Hyperkalemia(also life-threatening) –Inpoor kidney function –No ULset |
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Chloride Sources and Needs
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•Foods–Salt(NaCl) •Needs–AI:2,300mg |
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Functions of Chloride
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•Functions –Mainanion in extracellular fluid - Nerveimpulse transmission, HCl,immune response, acid-base balance |
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Chloride Needs
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•UL:3,600mg
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Hypertension and Nutrition
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•Causes –Primary(essential) hypertension •Riskfactors •Lifestylemodifications for prevention and treatment •Roleof minerals and phytochemicals •TheDASH diet •Drugtherapy |
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Calcium
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•Foods –Dairy,fortified foods, green leafy vegetables –Bioavailabilityissues |
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Calcium Needs
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–RDA:1,000mg to 1,200mg, 1,300mg inadolescents –DV:1,000mg –U.S.intake is 720mg to 1,195mg (lower in women) –Calciumsupplements |
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Calcium Absorption, transportation, storage, and excretion
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–Bloodcalcium levels are regulated tightly |
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Functions of Calcium
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•Bonedevelopment and maintenance –Corticaland trabecular bone –Boneremodeling –Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts•Bloodclotting •Transmissionof nerve impulses to target cells –Tetany •Musclecontraction •Cellmetabolism –Calmodulinsystem |
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Calcium Needs
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•Potentialhealth benefits of calcium –Coloncancer prevention –Protectsagainst formation of oxalate kidney stones –Bloodpressure effect •UpperLevel –2500mg –Hypercalcemia canlead to kidney stones |
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Osteoporosis
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•BoneLoss –Normal/lowbone mass: osteopenia –Verylow bone mass: osteoporosis –Kyphosis(Dowager’s hump) •Diagnosis –DEXAbone scan •Prevention –Bonebuilding nutrients –Activelifestyle with weight -bearing activities –Notsmoking –Drugtherapy |
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Phosphorus Sources/Needs
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•Foods –Milk,cheese, meat, bakery products, and cereals •Needs –RDA:700mg –DV:1,000mg –Averageintake is 950 mg to 1650 mg/day |
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Functions of Phosphorus
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–Majorcomponent of bone and teeth –Criticalto the function of every body cell •Partof ATP –Rolein hypertension prevention |
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Phosphorus Deficiency
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–Rarebut a chronic deficiency contributes to bone loss, decreased growth and poortooth development •Toxicityand Upper Level –UL:3-4 grams/day |
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Magnesium Sources/Needs
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•Foods –Partof chlorophyll – plant products –Smalleramounts from hard water, milk, and meats •Needs –RDA:400mg men, 310mg women (19-30) •Increases10-20mg over age 30 –DV:400mg –Fewerthan 25% of US adults meet RDA |
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Magnesium Functions
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–Vitalrole in range of biochemical and physiological processes |
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Magnesium Deficiency and Needs
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•Deficiency –Irregularheartbeat, weakness, muscle spasms–Increasesrisk of osteoporosis •UpperLevel –350mgfrom supplements and nonfood items only |
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Sulfur Functions
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•Needs–No AIor UL set •Functions –Synthesisof sulfur-containing compounds –Stabilizesthe structure of proteins –Participatesin acid-base balance •Nodeficiency or toxicity |
