Water

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Liquid

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As water molecules move they continually make and break hydrogen bonds

This makes it more difficult for them to escape to become a gas

Has a low viscosity meaning it can flow easily

Provide habitats for living things in rivers lakes and seas and is a major component of tissues in living organisms

It provides a reaction medium for chemical reactions as well as being an effective transport medium

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Density

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Allows organisms to float

Water becomes more dense as it gets colder

At 4oC because of its polar nature water molecules aligned themselves in a structure less dense than liquid

Bodies of water are insulated against extreme cold the layer of ice reduces the rate of heat loss from the rest

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Solvent

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Because of its polarity the positive and negative parts of water molecules are attracted to the negative and positive parts of solute

The water molecules cluster around the charged parts of the solute molecules or ions and helps to separate them and keep them apart

70% of cytoplasm is water

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Cohesion and surface tension

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Hydrogen bonding between molecules pulls them together causing cohesion

Water molecules at the surface are hydrogen bonded to those beneath and they are more attracted to water molecules beneath than the air molecules above. This gives water the ability to resist force applied to it which is called surface tension

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High specific heat capacity

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I lot of heat energy is required to increase the molecules kinetic energy and temperature

This means water does not heat up or cool down easily

This creates a stable environment for aquatic organisms to live

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Hi latent heat of vaporisation

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A relatively large amount of energy is needed for water molecules to evaporate

Water helps things to cool down and keep a stable temperature e.g sweat evaporates

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Reactant

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A reactant in photosynthesis and hydrolysis reaction such as digestion of starch, proteins and lipids