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30 Cards in this Set
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Deism |
The belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. |
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Tabula Rasa |
The absence of preconceived ideas or predetermined goals; a clean slate |
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Philosophes |
Public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning. |
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General Will |
The will of the people as a whole, created by Jean Jacques Rousseau. |
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Checks and Balances |
Counter balancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated. |
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"Noble Savage" |
Symbolized the innate goodness of humanity when free from the corrupting influence of civilization. |
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Physiocrats |
An 18th century group of French economists who believed that agriculture was the source of all wealth and that agricultural products should be highly priced. They also stressed the necessity of free trade. |
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Classical Liberalism |
Political ideology that values the freedom of individuals as well as limited government. |
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German Pietism |
A movement that originated in Germany in reaction to formalism and intellectualism and stressing Bible study and personal religious experience. |
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Methodism |
A group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. |
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Voltaire
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A French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher, famous for his attacks on the Catholic church, his advocacy of freedom and expression, and the separation of church and state.
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"Ecracsez l'infame"
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Crush the infamous thing. It was said by Voltaire in his anger to the church of Rome.
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Social Contract, 1762
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A book in which Rousseau theorized about the best way to establish a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society. It helped in spire political reforms in Europe and argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate.
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Salon Movement
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A movement in which women played a central role. Men and Women congregated ideas for intellectual discourse.
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David Hume
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A Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist who is known for his highly influential system of radical philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.
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Immanuel Kant
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A German philosopher who argued that the fundamental concepts of the human mind structure human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are our forms of our understanding, and that the world is in itself is unknowledgeable..
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Denis Diderot, The Encyclopedia
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A French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France, also the principle editor of the encyclopedia which disseminated the scientific and philosophical knowledge of the time.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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A French philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. His political philosophy influenced the Enlightenment in France and across Europe, as well as the aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought.
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John Wesley
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An Anglican minister and theologian whose work and writing played a leading role in the development of the Holiness Movement and Pentecostalism.
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Jansenism
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A Christian movement of the 17th and 18th centuries, based on Jansen's writings and characterized by moral rigor and asceticism.
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John Locke, Two Treatises of Civil Government
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A work of political philosophy by John Locke. The First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, while the second Treatise outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory.
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Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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A work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. he describes the mind at birth as a blank slate (Tabula Rasa) filled later through experiences. It was one of the principle sources of empiricism in modern philosophy, and influenced many enlightened philosophers.
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Baron de Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws
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A treatise on political theory originally published anonymously partly because Montesquieu's works were subject to censorship, its influence outside of France was aided by its rapid translation into other languages.
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Francois Quesnay
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A French economist of the Physiocratic school and is known for publishing the Tableau economique which provided the foundations of the ideas of Physiocrats. It was the first work in attempt to describe the workings of the economy in an analytical way, and can be viewed as one of the first important contributions to economic thought.
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Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations
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A book by Adam Smith that offers one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds nations' wealth and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. It also touches upon topics like the division of labor, productivity, and free markets.
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Madame de Geoffrin
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A leading female figure in the French Enlightenment who played host to many of the most influential Philosophes and Encyclopedistes of her time. Her association with many prominent dignitaries and public figures from Europe has earned her international recognition.
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Madame de Stael
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A woman celebrated for her controversial eloquence, she participated actively in the political and intellectual life of her times. Her works, made their mark on the history of European Romanticism.
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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An English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. She is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.
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Baron Paul d'Holbach
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A French-German author, philosopher, encyclopedist and a prominent figure in the French Enlightenment. He was well known for atheism and for his voluminous writings against religion, the most famous of them being The System of Nature.
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Jean de Condorcet
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A French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist whose Condorcet method in voting tally selects the candidate who would beat each of the other candidates in a run-off election. He advocated a liberal economy, free and equal public instruction, constitutionalism, and equal rights for women of all races. His ideas and writings were said to embody the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment and rationalism, and remain influential to this day.
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