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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adsorption |
The attraction and adhesion of ions or molecules in solution into the surface of a solid |
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Advection |
The process by which solutes are transported by flowing ground water |
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Diffusion |
The process of movement of solutes from one area of higher concentrations to areas of lower concentration |
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Dispersion |
The spreading and mixing of a solute in ground water because water containing the solute is traveling at a different velocity than the ground water. |
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Effluent |
Liquid waster discharged into the environment. Could be untreated, partially treated or fully treated. |
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Equivalent weight |
The formula atomic weight of a dissolved ionic species divided by the electrical charge. |
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Water hardness |
Property if water in which evaporation produces a scale and in combination with soap produces an insoluble residue Cause by presence of calcium and magnesium ions |
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Hardpan |
A hard impervious near-surface soil layer, usually in a clayey soil, formed by cementation from the precipitation of insoluble materials. |
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Infiltration |
Downward flow of water from the surface. |
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Leachate |
Water that has percolated through solid waste and has accumulated a high amount of dissolved solids. |
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Maximum contamination level (MCL) |
The maximum level of contaminants permitted in water which enter the distribution system of a public water system. Enforceable standards based on health risks. |
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Milliequivalent per liter |
A measure of chemical equivalence of the concentration of all solutes present in solution. |
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Part per billion. (ppb) |
1 microgram of solute per liter. |
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Part per million |
1 milligram per liter of solute in a solution. |
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Reference dose |
A scientific estimate of a daily exposure level that is not expected to cause adverse health effects. |
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Retardation |
The reduction of overall solute flow relative to the ground water due to adsorption. |
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Secondary maximum contaminant levels |
The maximum levels of constituents in water at the point of delivery to the consumer that affect the taste, odor, or appearance of drinking water. |
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Sodium adsorption ratio SAR |
The ratio of sodium to calcium that indicates how much calcium in the soil has been replaced by sodium. |
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Sorption |
The process that act to remove solutes from ground water |
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Total dissolved solids |
The amount of minerals dissolved in wate |
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Difference between quality assurance and quality control? |
Quality assurance = management process Quality control = technical process |
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What are the two main water quality problems for Agriculture? |
Salinity Toxicity |
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What is a negative side effect of hard pan on water? |
Blocks the movement of ground water and allows additional salt to build up. |
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What are the effects of high salinity on plants? |
Plants have difficulty removing enough water through their roots Soil permeability is reduced. |
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What is it important to have audience Ca and Mg present in soils with high salinity? |
The prevent the full replacement of Ca and Mg with Na. Can destroy soil structure and stunt plant growth. |
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What are the ranges of soil adsorption ratio? |
2-10 = low hazard from Na 11-26 = high Na hazard. |
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What is TDS a measure of? |
Total dissolved solids Measure of concentration of all dissolved ions in solution. |
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What is TDS a measure of? |
Total dissolved solids Measure of concentration of all dissolved ions in solution. |
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What are the units of TDS? |
ppm or mg/l 1ppm = 1 mg/l |
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What are the different categories Of ground water based on TDS? |
1. Fresh (0-1000 ppm) 2. Brackish (1000-10,000 ppm) 3. Saline (10,000-100,000 ppm) 4. Brine (> 100,000 ppm) |
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What is the TDS for national drinking water standard? |
500 ppm or mg/l |
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What controls water hardness? |
The presence of minerals in the water such as: Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, H. Mostly Ca and Mg due to their abundance. |
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What are the two categories of hardness? |
Carbonate hardness (removed easily) Non carbonate hardness. (Difficult to remove) |
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What are the different levels of hardness? |
Soft (0-60 mg/l) Moderately hard (61-120 mg/l) Hard (121-180 mg/l) Very hard (>180mg/l) |
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What is the optimal hardness range for drinking water? |
Mode rally hard. Should be less than 80mg/l. |
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What are the 8 ions that make up >90% of all dissolved solids in ground water? |
Na Ca K Mg Cl HCO3 SO4 CO3. |
