Wake Gi Fad Diets

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diet

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To eat and drink according to a regulated system, especially so as to lose weight or control a medical condition

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fad

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A fashion that is taken up with great enthusiasm for a brief period of time; a craze

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Goals of Popular Fad Diets

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Immediate and lasting weight loss

Enhanced appearance & performance

Health and Wellness

Broad spectrum disease prevention

Specific disease treatment and cure

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Currently Popular Fad Diets

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Atkins
South Beach
Zone
Sugar Busters
Protein Power
Blood Type
n-Day Miracle
Cabbage Soup

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Signature Characteristics of Popular/Fad Diets

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Often hyped by charismatic individuals

Associated with best-selling books, proprietary products, or special testing

Promise rapid, easy, dramatic results

Based on un-proven, controversial, or dubious scientific premise(s)

Little or no hard evidence of efficacy

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The Evil Food(s)

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Component (s) of the diet identified as THE CAUSE of disease or dysfunction

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Nutrient Class

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Carbohydrates, Fats

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Nutrient Subclass

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High glycemic index carbohydrates, low fiber carbohydrates, animal fats, saturated fats, trans fats

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Single Nutrient

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animal protein, sucrose, fructose, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid

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Types of Popular/Fad Diets

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Very-low carbohydrate (<10%) (ketogenic)

Low carbohydrate, high protein (>20%)

Very-low fat (<10%), high carbohydrate

Very low calorie, rapid weight loss

Specific nutrient or category elimination

Highly regimented / prescribed foods

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Characteristics of Dietary Energy Sources

Protein

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Cal/g: 4

TEF: ~20%

Satiety: Moderate

Insulin: No change

Variety: Moderate

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Characteristics of Dietary Energy Sources

CHO

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Cal/g: 4

TEF: ~6%

Satiety: low

Insulin: Increase

Variety: High

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Characteristics of Dietary Energy Sources

Fat

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Cal/g: 9

TEF: ~2%

Satiety: High

Insulin: no change

Variety: low

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Very Low Carbohydrate Diets

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Ketogenic Diets - <10% Carbs

Atkins (35% Protein, 5% Carbs, 60% Fat)

Stillman (64% Protein, 3% Carbs, 33% Fat)

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Atkins

(Description, Premise)

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Description: very low carb diet (ketogenic)

Premise: carbs cause obesity; ketosis helps suppress hunger and enhance compliance

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Atkins

(Advantages)

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rapid initial weight loss (H2O); high fat intake enjoyable (at first)

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Atkins

(Disadvantages)

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restrictive food selection; high SFA intake can increase LDL; rapid rebound

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Atkins

(Proof)

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Studies have demonstrated initial efficacy, but it vanishes at > 6 months

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AHA

(% Protein, % Carbs, % Fat)

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(15% Protein, 55% Carbs, 30% Fat)

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Low Carbohydrate

High Protein (>20%) Diets

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South Beach (35% Protein, 25% Carbs, 40% Fat)

Zone (30% Protein, 40% Carbs, 30% Fat)

Sugar Busters (28% Protein, 46% Carbs, 26% Fat)

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The Zone Diet

(Description, Premise)

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Description: High protein, low carb diet

Premise: Insulin & PG levels “normalized” by “optimum” 40/30/30 nutrient ratio

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The Zone Diet

(Advantages)

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Weight loss by caloric restriction; wider range of food choices

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The Zone Diet

(Disadvantages)

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Hard to calculate portions

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The Zone Diet

(Proof)

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Performance enhancement claim not validated by any long term studies

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The South Beach Diet

(Description, Premise)

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Description: Three-phase high protein, low glycemic index carbs, low sat. fat diet

Premise: Insulin and glucose intolerance normalized by eliminating high GI carbs

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The South Beach Diet

(Advantages)

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Weight loss by mild caloric restriction; wide range of food choices

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The South Beach Diet

(Disadvantages)

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Weigh loss decrease in phase II

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The South Beach Diet

(Proof)

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May have initial superior weight loss efficacy, but not beyond 6 months

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Very-Low Fat (<10%) High Complex Carbohydrate Diet

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Ornish (14% Protein, 82% Carbs, 9% Fat)

Pritikin (10% Protein, 85% Carbs, 5% Fat)

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The Ornish Diet

(Description, Premise)

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Description: Ultra low fat, vege based

Premise: Diet can decrease plasma cholesterol

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The Ornish Diet

(Advantages)

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Weight loss; exercise and stress reduction are part of the program

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The Ornish Diet

(Disadvantages)

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Requires very strong motivation; vege menus not for everyone

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The Ornish Diet

(Proof)

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Weight loss, improved lipids, and reversal of CAD shown in several studies

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The Right for Your Type Diet

(Description, Premise)

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Description: Meat, grain, and/or dairy elimination based on ABO blood type

Premise: ABO type identifies archetypical diet; eating “wrong” foods causes harm

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The Right for Your Type Diet

(Advantages)

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Personalization of one’s diet

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The Right for Your Type Diet

(Disadvantages)

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Book filled with pseudo-science, half-truths, and misinformation

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The Right for Your Type Diet

(Proof)

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NY Times Best-seller

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All Diets That Produce Weight Loss Are....

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Hypocaloric

To lose weight, you must look at energy input versus energy expenditure

Eat Less- Exercise More = Lose Weight

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Where is the real evil in food?

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Caloric Density

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The Future of Diet Therapy

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Food engineering

Functional Foods

Nutrigenomics

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Food Engineering

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Low-cal/no-cal sweeteners, fats, and foods

High protein processed foods

LOWER CALORIC DENSITY

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Functional Foods

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Plant stanols: decrease cholesterol absorption; decrease LDL

Omega-3 Fats: decrease triglycerides, decrease BP, anti-arrhythmic; decrease inflammation ?; anti-depressant ?

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Nutrigenomics

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Diet Rx based on variations in genes that control energy absorption, metabolism, satiety, etc.