W1D1 - Embryology -Cardiovascular System

Front 1

When does the vascular system appear and why?

Back 1

middle of the 3rd week, when the embryo is no longer able to satisfy its nutritional requirements by diffusion alone

Front 2

Cardiac progenitor cells lie in the __blast, they then migrate through the streak in a sequential order (cephalic to caudal) and position themselves rostral to the buccopharyngeal membrane and neural folds. Here they reside in the ______ of the lat. plate mesoderm.

Back 2

epiblast, splanchnic layer of the lat. plate mesoderm.

Front 3

Lat in the presomite stage of development, they are induced by the underlying pharyngeal ____- to form cardiac myoblasts.

Back 3

endoderm

Front 4

Blood island appear in this ____ , where they will form blood cells and vessels by the process of _______genesis.

Back 4

mesoderm, vasculogenesis

Front 5

With time, the islands unite and form a horseshoeshaped endothelial-lined tube surrounded by ____blasts.this region is known as the:

Back 5

myo, cardiogenic field.

Front 6

The intraembryonic cavity over the cardiogenic field develops into the ______ ________.

Back 6

pericardial cavity

Front 7

What forms the dorsal aorta?

Back 7

other blood islands appear bilaterally, parallel, and clos to the midline of the embryonic shield - form pair of two longitudinal vessels: dorsal aortae.

Front 8

What is vasculogenesis?

Back 8

de novo (out of nothing) formation of the vessels; for the primary vasculature

Front 9

what is angiogenesis?

Back 9

formation/branching of the new vessels from already existing vessels.

Front 10

name a region in the embryo that experiences vasculogenesis?

Back 10

the cardiogenic field, blood islands first form and then gain lumen (primitive blood vessels)

Front 11

What is found in the cardiogenic field?

Back 11

blood island and myoblasts; which form the vasculogenic clusters

Front 12

The cardiac crescent that is formed in a 20 day embryo is a precursor to waht?

Back 12

primitvie blood vessels; Paired, crescent-like cell populations in the anterior lateral mesoderm, which later fuse along the midline to form the embryonic heart tube. (the two tubes are known as the endocardial heart tubes.)

Front 13

Because the central nervous system grows so rapidly, what happens to the structures found cephalically to the developing brain?

Back 13

the brain extends over the central cardiogenic area and the fuutre pericardial cavity, = cephalic folding of the embryo occurs, and the buccopharyngeal membranes is pulled forward, while the heart and pericardial cavity move first to the cervical region and finally to the thorax.

Front 14

T/F as the embryo folds cephalocaudally, it also folds laterally.

Back 14

true

Front 15

Simultaneously, the cresent part ofthe horseshoe-shaped area expands to form the future ____flow tract and ventricular regions.

Back 15

outflow;

Front 16

After the fusing of the two endocardial tubes (cardiac crecents) = thus the heart become a continuous expanded tube consisting of a an inner _________ lining and and anouter _________ layer.

Back 16

inner: endothelial
outer: myocardial layer

Front 17

The primitive heart creatd by the fusing of the endocardial tubes receives __-- drainage at its caudal pol and begins to pump blood out of the first aortic arch into the dorsal aorta at its cranial pole.

Back 17

venous

Front 18

What region of the primitive heart receives many vessels?

Back 18

the caudal portion: many arteries and veins - venous drainage through here

Front 19

Where do the developing myocytes come from?

Back 19

the cells in the splanchnic mesoderm over lying the endocardial tubes develop into cardio myocytes

Front 20

What is the purpose of the cardiac jelly and where is it found?

Back 20

allows growth and holding of heart tube; found between the endothelial lining of the primitive heart and the outer lining of myocardial cells (myocardium).

Front 21

What does the myocardium produce to help the primitive heart?

Back 21

an extracellular matrix; cardiac jelly!

Front 22

The dble layer of splanchnic mesoderm gives rise to a very important landmark in adults

Back 22

the part of the mesocardium dorsal to the embryonic heart; it breaks down to form the transverse pericardial sinus of the pericardium.

Front 23

The developing heart tube bulges more and more into the pericardial cavity. it is initially attached to the dorsal side of the pericardial cavity by a bold of mesodermal tissue, the __ _____.

Back 23

dorsal mesocardium.

Front 24

T/F NO ventral mesocardium is ever formed.

Back 24

true

Front 25

What sinus connect both sides of the pericardial cavity?

Back 25

transverse pericardial sinus; which means the heat is now suspended in the cavity by blood vessels at its crainial and caudal poles

Front 26

During the fusing to create a single heart tube the myocardium thickens and secretes a thick layer of extracellular matrix, rich in hyaluronic acid, that separates it from the endothelium it's called/

Back 26

cardiac jelly

Front 27

In addition to the thickening and secretion from the myocardium, mesothelial cells on the surface of the septum transversum form the proepicardium near the sinus venous and migrate over he heart to form the most of the _____.

Back 27

epicardium

Front 28

what forms the epicardium?

Back 28

the mesothelial cells from the septum transversum

Front 29

Thus the heart tube consists of 3 layers: ______, forming the internal endothelial lining of the heart; _______ , forming the muscular wall; and __, the covering outside of the tube. This outer layer is responsible for formation of the coronary arteries, including their endothelial lining and smooth muscle.

Back 29

endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium/ visceral pericardium

Front 30

What gives rise to the primitive heart tube?

Back 30

fused endocardial tubes

Front 31

What are the layers of the primitive heart tube from innermost to outmost?

Back 31

Endothelium,
Cardiac Jelly (extracellular matrix),
cardiomyocytic splanchnic mesoderm (myocardium),
epicardium (visceral pericardium - from septum transversum)

Front 32

The heart begins to elongate and bend on day 23. The cephalic portion of the tube bends ventrally, caudally and to the ______ (R/L). and the atrial (caudal) portion shifts dorsocranially and to the ____ (R/L).

Back 32

Right, Left

Front 33

What creates the cardiac loop?

Back 33

The bending, that occurs to form the heart

Front 34

When is the formation of the cardiac loop complete?

Back 34

day 28

Front 35

T/F While the cardiac loop is forming, local expansions become visible throughout the length of the tube. The atrial portion, initially a paired structure outside the pericardial cavity , form a common atrium and is incorporated into the pericardial cavity.

Back 35

true

Front 36

The atrioventricular junction remains narrow and forms the _________ canal, which connects the common atrium and the early embryonic ventricle.

Back 36

atrioventricular

Front 37

The midportion, the _____ ______, will formt he outflow tracts of both bentricles.

Back 37

conus cordis

Front 38

The distal part of the bulbus, the ______ _______-, will form the roots and proximal portion of the aorta and pulmonary artery.

Back 38

truncus arteriousus

Front 39

The junction between the ventricle and bulbus cordis, externally indicated by the______________----- -__________, remains narrow. iT is called the primary _____________ foramen.

Back 39

bulboventricular sulcus, interventricular

Front 40

List the structures of the primitive heart tube from superior to inferior before the looping occurs.

Back 40

Bulbus Cordis
Bulboventricular sulcus
Primitive Ventricle
Atrioventricular sulcus
Primitive atrium
Sinus Venosus

Front 41

Whare the 3 portions of the bulbos cordis?

Back 41

Truncus arteriosus: cephalic most; root of aorta and pulmonary trunk
Conus Cordis: forms outlet of blood for R and L ventricles
Proximal Part: R ventricle

Front 42

What does the atrioventricular sulcus give rise to?

Back 42

atrioventricular canal

Front 43

What does the bulboventricular sulcus give rise to?

Back 43

the primary interventricular foramen

Front 44

What does the primitive atrium give rise to?

Back 44

BOTH R and L atria

Front 45

What does the sinus venosus give rise to?

Back 45

part of R atrium as well as coronary sinus

Front 46

What is the flow of blood in the primitve heart tube?

Back 46

From the inlet by the sinus venosus to the bulboventricular sulcus and beyond!

Sources of where blood comes form:
Vitelline
Intraembryonic (cardinal) - circulation
Placental (umbilical)
pumped cephalically

Front 47

The cardiac looping is established on day 28, but when does the heart begin to 'beat'?

Back 47

Day 22

Front 48

Blood enters from ______ sac and blood exits to dorsal ______-

Back 48

yolk sac -> dorsal aortae

Front 49

What is originally (without folding) foudn in the pericardial cavity.

Back 49

bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle

Front 50

What is found within the transverse septum originally?

Back 50

primitive atrium, and sinus venosus

Front 51

At day 24 many vessels are attached to the developing heart, what veins are found superiorly and inferiorly?

Back 51

superiorly: R and L cardinal veins
Inferiorly (3 on each side)
Left posterior cardinal vein (and R)
Umbilical veins
vitelline veins
All 3 of the above mentioned drain into the horns of the sinous venosus -> sinus venosus

Front 52

What primitve veins remain and what veins disappear during development, what do they become?

Back 52

the Left cardinal vein _> oblique v.and coronary sinus
Rt horn enlarges -> sinus venarum - smoother portion and muscular portion

Front 53

What occurs during the 4th and 5th weeks of development that makes the selection of vessels occur?

Back 53

the entrance of the sinus shifts to the right, by left -to right shunts of blood, which occur in the venous system.

Front 54

When the left common cardinal vein is obliterated at 10 weeks, all that reamins of the left sinus horn is the ____ vein of the left atrium and the cornoary sinus.

Back 54

oblique

Front 55

What demarcates the embryonic origin of the smooth walled(sinus venarum) part of the right atrium arising from the R coronary sinus horn?

Back 55

crista terminalis

Front 56

What type of cells do you see traveling through the crista terminalis?

Back 56

purkinje cells

Front 57

What becomes the IVC?

Back 57

The R vitelline vein

Front 58

What becomes the R brachiocephalic vein?

Back 58

The anterior R cardinal vein

Front 59

What becomes the Left brachiocephalic vein?

Back 59

The L and R thymic and thyroid veins

Front 60

Once the R sinus horn begins to emerge into the R atrium it first forms a sinuatrial orifice that later becomes how many openings into the atrium?

Back 60

1. valve of inferior vena cava
2. valve of coronary sinus

(Also have valve of superior vena cava)

Front 61

During Days 28-37 septation is occuring, what is the idea of this process, what is being formed and with what?

Back 61

(comes from endocardium) endocardial cushion -> mesenchyme (NC and endocardial cell) filled bulges and rigdes.

Front 62

What is the first thing seen during the septum formation in the common atrium?

Back 62

At the end of the fourth week, a sickle shaped crest grows from the roof of the common atrium into the lumen. This crest is the first portion of the Septum Primum.

Front 63

At the end of the fourth week, a sickle shaped crest grows from the roof of the common atrium into the lumen. This crest is the first portion of the _____ ________.

Back 63

Septum Primum

Front 64

Righ and Left endocardial cushions are dividing WHAT structures?

Back 64

The Atria from the ventricles

Front 65

The two limbs of the septum primum extend toward what other septation structure?

Back 65

the endocardial cushions, in the atrioventricular canal

Front 66

The opening between the lower rim of the septum primum and endocardial cushions is the _______ -__________.

Back 66

ostium primum

Front 67

With furuter development, extensions of the superior and inferior endocardial cushions grow along the edge of the septum primum, closing the _____ ________.

Back 67

ostium primum

Front 68

Before closure of the ostium primum is complete, however, cell death produces peforations in the upper portion of the septum primum. Coalescence of these perforations forms the _______ __________, ensuring free blood flow from the R to the L primitve atrium.

Back 68

ostium secundum

Front 69

when the lumne of the R atrium expands as a result of incorpation of the sinus horn, a new cresecent shaped fold appears, this new fold, the ________ _________ , never forms a complete partition in the atrial cavity.

Back 69

septum secundum

Front 70

The anterior limb of th septum secundum extend downward to the septum in the atrioventriuclar canal. When the left venous valve and the septum spurium fuse with the R side of the septum secundum, the free concave edge of the septum secundum begins to overlap the ______ _____.

Back 70

ostium secundum.

Front 71

THe opening left by the septum secundum is caled the ________ ________.

Back 71

oval foramen, or foramen ovale

Front 72

When the upper part of the septum primum gradually disappears, the remaining part becomes the _______ of the foramen ovale.

Back 72

valve

Front 73

The passage between the two atrial caviites consists of an obliquely elongated cleft throug with blood from the _- atrium to the _ side.

Back 73

R to the L

Front 74

What occurs during "aligning" does this happen before or after septation?

Back 74

aligns atria, ventricle and out flow tracts for the process of septation
occurs BEFORE septation

Front 75

The physical separation of the heart into 4 chambers and 2 circulatory systems is called:

Back 75

septation

Front 76

what two ostiums form in the septum primum?

Back 76

the ostium primum 1st and then ostium secundum 2nd

Front 77

T/F the septum secundum is more muscular

Back 77

TRUE

Front 78

What endocardial cushions for the atrioventricular canals?

Back 78

the superior and inferior endocardial cuhsions (or the dorsal and ventral)

Front 79

Initially, the atrioventricular canal gives acces only to the primitive _______ ventricle and is separated from the bulbus cordis be the bulbo ventricular flange.

Back 79

L

Front 80

Since the atrioventricular canal enlarges tot eh R, blood passing through the atrioventricular orifice now has direct access to the primitive _____- as well as the primitive __- ventricle.

Back 80

L and R

Front 81

The superior and inferior cushions fuse and result in a complete division of the canala in to _____ and ___- orifices by the end of the 5th week.

Back 81

R and L

Front 82

After the atrioventricular endocardial cushions fuse, each atrioventricular orifice is surrounded by local proliferation of mesenchymal tissue. When the blood stream hollows out and thins tissue on the ventricular surface of these proliferations, valave forma n remain attached tot eh ventricular wall by muscular cords. Finally the muscular tissue in the cords degenerates and is replaced by dense connective tissue. Tha valves then consist of connective tissue coverd by endocardium. They are connected to thick trabecule in the wall of the ventricle, the _______ _______, by means of ________- _____.

Back 82

papilllary muscles, chordae tendinae

Front 83

There are _____ valve leaflets on the the L and ______- valve leaflets on the R.

Back 83

2, the mitral or bicuspid valve
3 on the R the tricuspid valve

Front 84

Discussing the ventricular septum, the medial walls fo the expanding ventricles become apposed and gradually merge, forming the _________ interventricular septum.

Back 84

muscular

Front 85

T/F The muscular interventricular septum doesn't completely fuse and this allows communication between R and L ventricles.

Back 85

true

Front 86

The interventricular foramen, above the muscular portion of the interventricular septum, shrinks on completion of the conus septum. During further developmen, out-growth of the tissue from the _______ ______ _______ along the top of the muscular interventricular septum closes the foramen.

Back 86

inferior endocardial cushion

Front 87

The tissue from the inferior endocardial cushion fuses with the abutting parts of teh conus septum. Complete closure of the interventricular foramen forme the ________ part of the interventricular septum.

Back 87

membranous

Front 88

During the 5th week, paris fo opposing ridges appear in the truncus (arteriosus). These ridges, the _____ ___ lie on the rigth and superior wall and left inferior wall.

Back 88

truncus cushions

Front 89

While the truncus cushions are growing toward the aortic sac, the swellings twist around each other, foreshadowing the spiral course of the future septum. After complete fusion, the redge form the _______ septum, dividing the truncus into an _______ and a ___________ chanell.

Back 89

aorticopulmonary septum, aortic, and pulmonary

Front 90

The Truncus and conus cordis during the 5th week undergo septation and form the:

Back 90

truncus cushions (long spiraling wedges of tissue) -> aorticopulmonary septum (membranous) ->aortic and pulmonary channels

Front 91

The aorta is open to the ____ ventricle while the pulmonary trunk is open to the __ ventricle

Back 91

R ventricle - pulmonary trunk
L ventricle - Aorta

Front 92

T/F NC cell, contribute to endocaridal cushion formation in both the conus cordia and truncus arteriosus.

Back 92

true

Front 93

Septation occurs during weeks:

Back 93

4 and 5 (days 27-37)

Front 94

What is the MOST COMMON cardia malformation?

Back 94

Ventricular septal defect; R and L ventricles still open to eachother

Front 95

Name the disease:
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary stenosis (small)
Rt ventricular hypertrophy (b/c pumps harder)
VSD (ventricular septal defect)
All 4 chambers are communicating with eachother.

Back 95

Tetralogy of Fallot

Front 96

What occurs when you have persistent truncus arteriosus

Back 96

due to abnormal truncal septation - the pulmonary trunk and aorta are combinded - didn't divide= mixing of blood

Front 97

The Truncal septum (aorticopoulmonary sept) gives rise to the Membranous portion of ___

Back 97

IVS, (interventricular septum)

Front 98

What happens when you have Great vessel transpostition?

Back 98

aorta drains RV and pulmonary drains the LV - bad, you're pumping deoxy into system. although,
there is a patent ductus arteriosus (open - mixing; channeling some oxy blood)

Front 99

The major vessels, including the dorsal aota and cardinal veins, are formed by ______genesis.

Back 99

vasculo, the rest are formed by angiogensis.

Front 100

How many aortic arches are there?

Back 100

5 pairs
1,2,3,4,6

Front 101

They go from the ______ to the ____.

Back 101

primitive heart tube, dorsal aorta

Front 102

When the pharyngeal arches form during the 4th and 5th weeks, each arch receives its own cranial nerve and its own artery. These arteris, the ________ _____ , arise from the aortic sac, the most distal part of the truncus arteriosus.

Back 102

aortic arches

Front 103

The aoritc arches are embeddd in mesenchyme of the pharyngeal arches and terminatein the R and L _______ ______.

Back 103

dorsal aortae, they are still paired cephalically but fused caudally

Front 104

The aortic sac contributes a branch to each new arch as it forms, givin rise to a total of _ pairs of arteries.

Back 104

5

Front 105

By day 27 most of the first aortic arch ahas disappeared, although a small portion persists to form the ______.

Back 105

maxillary arer.

Front 106

Similarly the second aortic arch soon disapears. the remainig portions of this arch are the _ and ___ arteries.

Back 106

hyoid an stapedial

Front 107

In day 29, the first and second aortic arches have disappeared completely, the Third, fourth,a nd sixth arches are _____ (large, small)

Back 107

large

Front 108

The conotruncal region has divided so that the sixth arches are now continuous with teh __________ _____.

Back 108

pulmonary trunk

Front 109

The third aortic arch forms the _____ _ artery and the first part of the _ ___ artery.

Back 109

common carotid, internal carotid

Front 110

The external carotid artery is a sprout of the ____ aortic arch

Back 110

3rd

Front 111

The fourth aortic arch gives rise to?

Back 111

Rt: proximal subclavian a.
Lt: part of the aorta

Front 112

what does the 6th aortic arch give rise to?

Back 112

Rt: proximal Rt. pulmonary a.
Lt: ductus arteriosus

Front 113

What does the 3rd give rise to?

Back 113

Rt and LT common and internal carotid a.

Front 114

Where is the vitelline arterial plexus found and what is it supplying?

Back 114

initially a number of paired vessels suppplying the yolk sac - gradually fuse and form the arteries in the dorsal mesentery of the gut.
forms around gut tube.
- celiac trunk
- sup mesenteric
- inf. mesenteric
Supply: derviatives of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut respectively.

Front 115

The umbilical arteries, initially paried ventral branches of the dorsal aorta, course to the placenta in close association with the allantois. During the 4th week, however,each artery acquire a secondary connection with teh dorsal branch of the aorta, the ___ ____ ______. and loses its earliest origin.

Back 115

common iliac artery

Front 116

After birth , the proximal portions of the umbilical arteries persist as the _ _ and superior ___ arteries, and the distal parts are obliterated to form the ________ _________ ligaments.

Back 116

internal iliac, superior vesical arteres, mediAL umbilical ligaments.

Front 117

Do the umbilical arteries carry blood to or away from the embryo?

Back 117

carries blood away from the embryo, carries, DEOXY blood

Front 118

Does a vein in an EMBRYO carry oxy or deoxy blood?

Back 118

carries oxy and nutrient rich - TO embryo

Front 119

What are examples of coronary arteries?

Back 119

Pro epicardial cells (from septum transversum, grow into root of aorta and open up supply) and epicardium - are the precursor cells (have NC involved)

Front 120

What are the 3 main drainage systems of the heart during embryonic stages?

Back 120

umbilical, cardinal, vitellin

Front 121

What veins/structures does the vitellin veins give rise to?

Back 121

hepatic sinusoids, hepatocardia portion of IVC, portal vein and superior mesenteric vein

Front 122

What do the umbilical veins become?

Back 122

ductus venosus -> ligamentum teres/venosusm

Front 123

What is the purpose of the ductus venosus?

Back 123

a chanled that bypasses the sinusoidal plexus of the liver.

Front 124

Do the left umbilical vein and ductus venosus stay after birth?

Back 124

no, they are obliterated and form the ligamentum teres hepatis and ligamentum venosusm. (respectively)

Front 125

What do the cardinal veins form? (the anterior cardinal and left posterior cardinal vein)

Back 125

Anterior cardinal vein -> anastomosing vein between L and R cardinal veins - > left brachiocephalic vein
Left posterior cardinal vein - > part of oblique vein on the left atrium

Front 126

What does the R cardinal vein give rise to?

Back 126

the SVC

Front 127

What is the role of the placenta?

Back 127

oxygenation, filtration, nutrients

Front 128

Because there is no need to use the pulmonary and digestive system it is ____.

Back 128

bypassed

Front 129

What structures are present in an embyro that are not present in an adult (hin from L umb. vein to bypass liver), (to bypass pulmonary system), (to present a straight shot for blood to aorta instaed of to lung)...

Back 129

from L umb v - > ductus venosus to bypass liver, will later form ligamentum venosum.
foramen ovale - > to bypass pulmonary system from R to L atrium - becomes fossa ovale
Ductus arteriosus - > straight shot to aorta instead of to lung - becomes ligamentum arteriosum

Front 130

T/F some of the blood in the embryo goes to the lung.

Back 130

true, need minimal amount for supply for growth of lungs

Front 131

Fetal circulation largely bypasses the (R/L) side of the heart?

Back 131

Right side, b'ce doesn't want to go to pulmonary system.

Front 132

During postnatal circulation what structures 'close'?

Back 132

umbilical a (common iliac) closure -> medIAL umbilical ligaments
Umbilical v. and ductus venosus closure: ligamentum teres (umb. v) and ligamentum venosum (duct. ven)
Ductus arteriosus closure -> ligamentum areriosum
Foramen ovale -> fossa ovale - due to inc. pressure of L ventricle.

Front 133

Ligamentum teres is also known as the _____ ligament.

Back 133

round ligament

Front 134

What is the coarctation of the aorta mean?

Back 134

a narrowing/constriction of certain areas

Front 135

If thre is a postductal coarctation of the aorta what happends?

Back 135

this occurs AFTER the ductus arteriosus - collateral circuation (does better b/c already have collateral anastomosis before birth0

Front 136

What occurs if you have Preductal coarctation of the aorta?

Back 136

occurs before the ductus arteriosus and have no collateral circulation, infant more likely to die.

Front 137

What has happened when someone has a double aortic arch and vascular ring?

Back 137

A double aortic arch comes form a persistnat DORSAL aorta
A vascular ring results from a persistant dorsal aorta, causes problems with breathing and eating probably because it surrounds these structures (esophagus, trachea)