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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the purpose of the PMI? |
The principal purpose of the PMI is to supplement the AMI and to detect: -Diseases of public health significance -Diseases of animal health significance -Residues or contaminants in excess of the levels allowed by legislation -Not all public health risks will show macroscopic lesions.. eg campylobacter -Visible lesions relating to welfare eg beatings |
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What are the key principles of PMI? |
-Inspect all carcasses and accompanying offal -Keep correlation of carcasses and offal at all times -Must be carried out without undue delay after slaughter -Avoid contaminating meat-min handling -Speed of line and number of inspection staff must allow for PMI and recording -Particular attention to zoonoses and notifiable diseases |
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Does the OV need to be present at all times during PMI if an MHI carries out PM? |
No, not if MHI puts aside abnormal meat with uncommonly occurring conditions N.B. carcases of animals from ER slaughter animals must be inspected by the OV OV is responsible for the PMI and has final say |
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What are some common and uncommon lesions? |
Common lesions: Fasciolasis, kidney lesions, pleurisy/pneumonia in cattle, C. tennuicollis in sheep
Uncommon lesions: cattle sarcocystis, ovine caseous lymphadenitis |
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What is the FBO responsibility at PMI? |
-Must allow OV/MHI to perform all necessary testing with appropriate line speed -No destruction of evidence or body part removed until inspection completed |
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How should the carcass be presented for PMI? |
Skinning: All body parts intended for human consumption must be completely skinned Spleen: Must be completely removed (whole), presented with carcass. Specified risk material in sheep Delayed uteri removal: To allow grading of cows/heifers, must be removed before release for HC |
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What facilities are required for PMI? |
-Space and lighting -Access to top of carcases -Presentation of offal -Splitting of carcasses
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What is the purpose of cutting the liver? |
To look for fluke |
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What is the purpose of cutting the heart? |
To look for cysticercus and endocarditis |
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Why should the tongues of bovines be cut? |
To look for actinobacillosis |
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Why cut the masseter mm in bovines? |
To look for cysticercosis and to assess the retropharyngeal LN |
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Which LN should be observed in cattle on PMI? |
-Superficial inguinal -External and internal iliac -Renal lymph nodes |
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How should pig carcasses be examined? |
Visually and by palpation but no cutting Cutting does not improve information gathered at PMI |
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What are possible outcomes of PMI? |
1. No pathologies or abnormalities detected 2. Local pathologies/abnormalities detected- partially unfit for human consumption 3. Generalised condition eg septicaemia so entire carcase in unfit 4. Detain meat for further examination |
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What are some reasons to declare meat "unfit for human consumption"? |
-Meat derives from animals which have not undergone AMI or PMI, or declared unfit on PMI -Meat indicates: pathophysiological changes, anomalies in consistency, insufficient bleeding, organoleptic anomalities -Meat shows parasitic infestation -Positive sampling/test -FB, soiling, contamination etc |
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What is a health mark? |
-Applied directly on red meat carcases and game meat (including animals from ER slaughter) -Indicates "fit for HC" -Health mark is oval, at least 6.5mc wide, 4.5 cm high -Must contain; country of origin, the plants approval number, the community mark -Applied by OV/MHI only at slaughterhouses |
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What is the FSA responsible for with Trichinella testing? |
The OV must ensure: -Sampling occurs -Samples are correctly taken and identified -Samples are delivered to the lab |
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Who can take samples for Trichinella testing? |
-OV or MHI -Plant staff if they have received the proper testing and they are acting under the responsibility of the OV |
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What specific hazards are a concern at PMI? |
TSE Glanders Cysticercosis Tubercullosis Trichinella Brucellosis |
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What should be done if Glanders fever is suspected in a soliped? |
Head should be split in the median plane and nasal septum excised Careful examination of the mucous membranes: -Trachea -Larynx -Nasal cavities -Sinuses IF DX THEN TOTAL REJECTION OF CARCASE |
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Describe osteomyelitis. |
Most cases of "lumpy jaw" are the result of an opportunistic bacterial infection following fracture of the bone or broken infected teeth. Leads to local rejection |
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Describe wooden tongue |
Actinobacillus ligneresi Parts of the tongue will be thickened and very firm and contain multifocal granulomatous lesions Small erosions or focal scars are present on the surface Granulomas may be found in local LN so are a differential of TB Leads to local rejection- check lungs, oesophagus and rumen for secondary infection |
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Describe actinomycosis |
A rare granulomatous osteomyelitis of cattle The affected bone is thickened and honeycombed with grey nodular masses Does not spread to LNs
Local rejection |
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Describe acute bronchopneumonia |
Characterised by consolidation (red, firm) of the cranioventral aspect of the lung Some cases may extend into the caudal and dorsal aspects Purulent or mucopurulent exudate is present in the airways
Local rejection |
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Describe chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia |
The cranioventral parts of the lungs are usually pale with distended airways and alveoli The cut surfaces are firm and exude white mucopurulent discharge Common in older cows
Local rejection- check caudal lung |
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Describe gangrenous pneumonia |
Characterized by the foul smell of gangrenous tissues The affected area may be green, red or even black in colour Local rejection-consider total if signs of toxaemia, systemic septicaemia |
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Describe mediastinal or lung abscesses |
Should be judged based on size and consistency alone if a single, walled off abscess Do not open on the slaughter line to avoid contamination
Local rejection |
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Describe embolic pneumonia |
Multiple small abscesses randomly distributed throughout the lung as a result of septic embolisation Exam should focus on finding the source of the sepsis eg thrombus in vena cava, endocarditis or septic arthritis
Total rejection |
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Describe lungworm pneumonia |
Lesions appear as dark red, depressed areas of consolidation in the caudal tips of the lungs In patent infection, there are many adults in the airways and this is usually accompanied by severe emphysema
Local rejection |
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Describe Muelleris capillaris |
Lesions appear as dark red or greenish areas of consolidation on the surface of the lung Very common
Local rejection |
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Describe terminal emphysema |
Air can escape into the interstitial space of the lungs with the last gasp of breath More common in thin or poor cattle
Local rejection |
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Describe interstitial pneumonia |
All of the lung tissue is pale and rubbery Lungs are much heavier ~2x
Local rejection` |
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Describe pleurisy/pleuritis |
Tags of fibrin and/or fibrous tissue are common along the edge of the caudal lungs
Local rejection- if granulomatous lesions think of TB |
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Describe abberant fluke |
Occasionally, liver fluke can enter the lung and get trapped in fibrous tissue The lesions are firm and brown and frequently contain a calcified fluke
Local rejection
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Describe porcine enzootic pneumonia |
Mycoplasma hyopneumonia Edges of cardiac and apical lobes Lesions usually plum coloured Often pleurisy and pericarditis present with LN involvement Poss welfare issues at farm of origin
Local rejection |
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Describe Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma |
Caused by an oncovirus of the Retroviridae fam Contagious and transmissible in sheep Tumour is a bronchialveolar adenocarcinoma of Type II pneumocytes
Local rejection |
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Describe acute/chronic pericarditis |
Acute pericarditis: -Inflammatory lesions of the pericardium (congestion, oedema) -Deposition of fibrin -Mild lesion, no apparent clinical significance
Chronic pericarditis: -fibrous adhesions to the pericardial sac -can have clinical significance Local rejection |
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Describe gangrenous pericarditis |
A complication of traumatic reticulitis by wire The pericardial sac contains foul smelling, green material (pus and necrotic material), fibrin and fibrosis
Total rejection |
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Describe endocarditis |
Bacterial sepsis Affects the valves (valvular) or the inner walls (mural) Friable yellow to grey masses Infective fragments detach and spread to other organs (septic embolisation)
Total rejection |
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Describe liver abscesses |
Common findings If an abscess extends into the vena cava there can be severe consequences with multiple foci in the lungs May be associated with a traumatic wire penetration of the reticulum
Local rejection- unless sepsis |
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Describe fasciolosis |
Mild-few signs, prominent bile duct Moderate-severe scarring, thickened calcified bile duct Severe-the curling stone liver, severe scarring, very prominent and distorted bile duct
Local rejection |
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How would one differentiate between cirrhosis and fibrosis? |
Cirrhosis: Liver is smaller and multinodular in appearance. True cirrhosis is rare in cattle and does not equate with severe fasciolosis Fibrosis: Liver is uniformly very firm with little alteration in outline or prominence of the bile duct (diffuse fibrosis and little regeneration) eg Ragwort poisoning |
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Describe hydatidosis |
Hydatid cysts are the intermediate stage of Echinococcus granulosus, a tapeworm of dogs The cysts are found in the liver and lungs Each cyst has a thickened, laminated wall and is filled with clear fluid Thousands of protoscolex develop from the cyst's inner lining (hydatid sand) Local rejection Zoonotic |
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Describe cysticercus tenuicollis |
Larval form of taenia hydatigena, tapeworm of dogs Not zoonotic but ddx of hydatid cyst Common in abattoirs
Local rejection |
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Describe liver degenerations |
Reversible changes which may cause swelling of the liver and alterations of the colour General pallor, liver is pale and slightly swollen Fatty change: the liver is swollen, friable and yellow. May smell of ketones Local rejection- total if systemic symptoms |
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Describe telangectasis |
"Plum pudding" liver with dark red depressed foci caused by blood filled spaces between the hepatic cells A common aging signs of no clinical significance Can also be congenital
Local rejection |
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Describe nutmeg liver |
Resulting from right sided CHF Chronic passive congestion (systemic) Nutmeg liver pattern: -centrilobar necrosis and firbosis (chronic!) -periportal congestion Local rejection |
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Describe tension lipidosis |
Discrete, irregular pale area at the liver margins The affected hepatocytes contain fat A very common aging change of no clinical significance Local rejection |
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Describe Johne's disease |
Paratuberculosis affects cattle and sheep, Mycoplasma avium spp paratuberculosis Ileum is the most common site of pathology Intestinal wall is thickened and the surface has a corrugated appearance which does not disappear when the wall is stretched Local rejection- cause of emaciation TOTAL REJECTION |
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Describe splenic inflammation |
Clear sign of generalized inflammation Splenomegaly is common in cases of: -Anthrax -Following liver stasis -Salmonellosis Total rejection |
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Describe interstitial nephritis
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Interstitial nephritis is the result of bacterial or viral infection
Lesions are diffuse and multifocal White spotted kidney in acute cases Depressed grey foci in chronic cases All ages, female and male Local rejection |
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Describe pyelonephritis |
Acute cases: raised red or white foci Chronic cases: depressed white patches In both acute and chronic cases lesions extend into the renal pelvis Local rejection unless kidneys have ruptured and systemic uremic carcase
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Describe amyloidosis |
Amyloid deposition (may result from chronic infl) Affected kidneys are massively swollen Colour varies from orange to yellow to grey in later stages Carcase may be oedematous due to protein loss
Local rejection- total if oedema and emaciation |
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Describe lipofuscinosis |
Harmless brown/black pigment Accumulates in heart or kidney muscle Smooth, brown, mahogany or even black coloured kidneys
Local rejection |
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Describe renal infarcts |
Infarcts are foci of ischemic necrosis Classic infarcts are wedge shaped and red (acute) or white (chronic) Classic infarcts result from endocarditis
Local rejection-Total if associated with embolic pneumonia or septic arthritis |
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Describe septicaemia |
A generalised condition associated with acute infection The carcase will be conjested due to poor bleeding There will be petechial or ecchymotic haemorrhages in the lymph nodes or internal organs Degenerative changes in liver and kidneys Infarcts in the kidneys and spleen Total rejection |
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Describe toxaemia |
Signs of toxins circulating systemically Degenerative changes in the liver, kidney and heart Uremia associated with renal failure, ammonia smell from carcase Ketosis associated with severe fatty change Hold carcase for 24 hrs and check by boiling/frying test Total rejection if smell still present |
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Describe pyaemia |
Septic foci throughout the carcass and organs
Total rejection |
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Describe viraemia |
Acute viral infections Oral and gastrointestinal ulceration with lymph node enlargement Haemorrhages and ulceration in the respiratory tract Total rejection |
