Volcanoes

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Volcanic landforms

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Shield volcanoes, Cinder volcanoes, composite volcanoes , lava plateaus

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Volcano

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A weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes out to the surface

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Shield volcanoes

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Nonviolent quiet eruptions can last months or years very few die but there is potential for Destruction formed by many thin layers of lava gently sloping mountains formed by repeated lava flows example Hawaiian Islands

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Cinder cones

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Nonviolent but can erupt without warning these eruptions can last for days to weeks or even years Destruction is less than a shield depending on its size and duration estate cone-shaped mountain formed from Ash Cinders and bombs

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Composite or strato volcanoes

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Most powerful eruptive volcanoes potential for loss of life and infrastructure is great if you live next to it also depending on its size and duration eruptions will last for hours to years remain active for years tall cone-shaped mountains formed by lava flow alternating with explosive eruptions example Mount Fiji and Mount Saint Helens

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Lava plateau

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High-level areas from formed by repeated lava flows formed from thin runny lava that flows through cracks and travels far before Cooling and hardening takes millions of years to form example Columbian Plateau Covers Part of Washington Idaho and Oregon

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Volcanism

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Any activity that includes the movement of magma towards or onto the surface of Earth and the study of volcanoes

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Volcanic eruptions

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Force of the expanding gases pushes magma from the magma chamber magma rises through the pipe until it flows or explodes out of the vent magma silica content and viscosity to determine the force of the volcanic eruptions time between volcanic eruptions may span and hundreds to thousands of years more successful in predicting volcanic eruptions than earthquakes

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Magma and lava

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Magma: molten mixture of rock-forming substances gas and water from the mantle Rises until it reaches the surface or becomes trapped beneath layers of rock

lava: magma reaches the surface molten rock that is above the mantle covers large areas as it pours out of the vent

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Properties of magma

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Magma is made of elements and compounds among them is silica viscosity is a property of magma viscosity depends on the silica content and temperature low liquid flow has greater viscosity faster a liquid flows have greater viscosity forms in the athensphere magma flows upward through the crust because it is less dense than the solid material around it

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Rifts

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Long narrow cracks in Earth's crust where lava made flow

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Fissures

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A rift on an island

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Hotspots

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An area where material from within the mantle Rises and then melts forming magma and example is Hawaiian island they form over millions of years as the Pacific Plate drifted over a hotspot

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Ring of Fire

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A major volcanic belt formed by many volcanoes are in the Pacific Ocean

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Where most volcanoes form

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Mid-ocean ridges: along divergent plate boundary, along Rift Valley, convergent plate: boundary where subduction happens

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Mafic lava

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Rich in magnesium and iron it flows to the surface produced during quiet explosion examples the pahoehoe AA and pillow lava

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AA lava

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Sharp Jagged lava cool slow moving lava

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Pahoehoe lava

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Thin wrinkled surface or ropy hot fast moving lava

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Pillow lava

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Lava rock that is formed under water

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Felsic lava

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It has silica iron and magnesium it is a ejected from the volcano produce during explosive eruptions

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Pyroclastic flow

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An explosive eruption that hurls out a mixture of hot gases Ash Cinders and bombs most are caused by collapses of the Crater Rim it is also ejected from the volcano

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Ash

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Less than two mmmm high is phosphorus potassium and other substances volcanic soils are some of the richest in the world plants need potassium and phosphorus

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Cinder

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Less than 64 mm Pebble sized particles

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Bomb

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Up to one man meter in diameter particles ranging from the size of a baseball to the size of a car

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Blocks

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Can be as big as a house

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Crater

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Forms at the top of the volcano around the central vent

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Caldera

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Caused by a volcano eruption empty out its main vent and magma chamber without support from below the top of the mountain collapses in word leaving a huge hole

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Volcanic necks

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Magma hardens in a volcano's pipe and is later exposed

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Dikes

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Magma forced across Rock layers slanted

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Sills

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Magma squeezes between horizontal Rock layers

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Batholith mountains

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Mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the Earth's crust example Sierra Nevadas

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Dome mountains

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Form when hardened magma is uplifted and pushes up horizontal thin layers of rock

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Volcanoes from other worlds

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Our moon Mars Venus IO