Volcanic Eruption (Drrr)

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Classification of volcanoes according to PHIVOLCS

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Active and Inactive

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erupted within historical times

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Active volcanoes

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accounts of these eruptions were documented by man

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Active volcanoes

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erupted within the last 10,000 years based on analyses of datable materials

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Active volcanoes

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no record of eruptions

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Inactive volcanoes

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Physical form is being changed by agents of weathering and erosion via formation of deep and long gullies.

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Inactive volcanoes

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Other classification of volcanoes according to experts

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active, dormant, extinct

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erupted occasionally

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Active

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rest for several years after eruption

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Dormant

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no signs of eruption for a long time

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Extinct

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The nature of volcanic eruptions could be observed based on three important factors

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viscosity, dissolved gases, ease of escape

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A magma’s viscosity is directly related to its

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Silica content

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___________ magma results in the build-up of gases and a great pressure increase that may cause an explosive eruption

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Viscous

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Dissolved gases in magma are mostly

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Water vapor and carbon dioxide

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_________________ in magma provide the force that extrudes molten rock from the vent

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Dissolved gases

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Very fluid ________ magmas allow the expanding gases to bubble upward and escape the vent with relative ease

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Basaltic

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Help shaped the structure of volcanoes

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-amount of materials extruded

-kinds of materials extruded

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Types of volcanoes based on eruptions

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-Quiet

-Explosive

-Intermediate

-Fissure

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Fluid lava spreads out quickly to form a broad cone with gentle slopes and called as oozing or non-explosive but sends fountains of lava hundreds of feet into the air in spectacular scarlet tongues. When it overflows, it can destroy and bury everything in its path.

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Quiet

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Explode with unbelievable violence and the eruption is often preceded by loud rumblings and earthquake. These open up ground, forming great fissures, draining lakes and developing hot springs.

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Explosive

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Eruption is sometimes quiet, sometimes explosive or a combination of both.

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Intermediate

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The largest amount of volcanic materials are extruded from cracks in the crust and rather than build a cone, these long narrow cracks distribute volcanic materials over a wide area.

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Fissure

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Composition of Dissolved Gases in magma

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-70% water vapor

-15% CO2

-5% Nitrogen gas

-5% sulphur with lesser amounts of Cl, H, and Ar

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Lava with low Silica content and very fluid

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Basaltic Lava

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hot runny, silky, and rope-like lava

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Pahoehoe

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cooler sharp jagged

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Aa

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Types of Lava Flow

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-Silicic Lava

-Basaltic Lava

-Pahoehoe

-Aa

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Ejected lava fragments

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Pyroclastic materials

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Types of Pyroclastic materials

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-Lapili

-Cinders

-Blocks

-Bombs

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Size of walnuts

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Lapili

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Size of pea

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Cinders

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hardened Lava

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Blocks

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Incandescent lava

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Bombs

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Volcanic landforms

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-Calderas

-Fissure eruptions

-Volcanic necks

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A volcanic crater that exceeds one kilometer in diameter, roughly circular and mostly formed when the summit of a volcano collapses into a partially emptied magma chamber below

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Calderas

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These are formed when great volumes of volcanic materials like very fluid basaltic lava are extruded from fractures in the crust

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Fissure eruptions

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An isolated, steep-sided, erosional remnant consisting of lava that once occupied the vent of a volcano.

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Volcanic necks

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The magma that does not reach the surface cools down and hardens beneath the volcano and form different __________ rocks

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Igneous

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Most magma is emplaced at depth and the structure that results from emplacement and crystallization of magma beneath the Earth’s surface is called

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Pluton (plutonic igneous rocks)

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Pluton according to shape

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tabular or massive

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Pluton according to orientation with respect to the host rock

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discordant or concordant

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Pluton that cuts across existing structures

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Discordant

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Pluton that forms parallel to the sedimentary

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Concordant

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tabular, discordant bodies that are produced when magma is injected into fractures

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Dikes

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tabular plutons formed when magma is injected along sedimentary bedding surfaces

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Sills

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product of very fluid magmas

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Sills

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most are composed of the rock basalt

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Sills

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form in near-surface environments and often cools quickly generating an aphanitic texture

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Sills

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similar to sills when formed but the magma is more viscous and collect as lens-shaped mass that arches the overlying strata upward

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Laccoliths

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largest igneous bodies that occur in groups that form linear structures several hundred of kilometers long and up to 100 kilometers wide

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Batholiths

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consist of rock types having chemical compositions toward the granitic end

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Batholiths

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smaller plutons or batholiths

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Stocks

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make up the core of mountain systems

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Batholiths

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gases are used to generate electric power. This is mixed with varying amounts of carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane and helium.

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Fumarole gases

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used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid.

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Sulphur dioxide

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used in making fertilizer.

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Ammonia

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used as a fuel gas

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Methane

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In __________, ammonium carbonate, sodium carbonate and boric acid are extracted from the steam and water vapor in volcanic areas.

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Italy

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Lahar from __________ is a source of feldspar for glassmaking, pottery or porcelain production. It can also be converted to crystallized glass ceramics as a substitute for marble for floor and wall tiles.

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Mt. Pinatubo

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Volcanoes that have lost its explosiveness can be tapped to provide

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Geothermal steam

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(Rank/Location/Last Eruption/Number of Eruptions) Mt. Mayon

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1/Albay or Bicol Region/2017-2018/50

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(Rank/Location/Last Eruption/Number of Eruptions) Taal Volcano

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2/Batangas/1977/33

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(Rank/Location/Last Eruption/Number of Eruptions) Mt. Kanlaon

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3/Negros Oriental/2006/26

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(Rank/Location/Last Eruption/Number of Eruptions) Mt. Bulusan

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4/Sorsogon/2010/17

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(Rank/Location/Last Eruption/Number of Eruptions) Mt. Ragang

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5/Lanao Del Sur/1882/10