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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Study of the detection, chemistry, pharmacological actions, and antidotes of toxic substances.
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Toxicology
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Any chemical (drug, poison, or other) that causes adverse effects on an organism that is exposed to it.
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Toxin
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Routes of Toxic Exposure
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- Ingestion
- Inhalation - Surface absorption - Injection |
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Entry of a substance into the body through the gastrointestinal tract.
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Ingestion
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Entry of a substance into the body through the respiratory tract.
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Inhalation
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Entry of a substance into the body directly through the skin or mucous membrane.
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Surface absorption
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Phosphorus-containing organic chemicals.
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Organophosphates
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Entry of a substance into the body through a break in the skin.
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Injection
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Standard Toxicological Emergency Procedures
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- Recognize a poisoning promptly (have a high index of suspicion).
- Assess the patient thoroughly to identify the toxin and measures required to control it. - Initiate standard treatment procedures for all toxicological emergencies: = Protect rescuer safety. = Remove patient from toxic environment. = Support ABCs. = Decontaminate patient. = Administer antidote if one exists. |
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The process of minimizing toxicity by reducing the amount of toxin absorbed into the body.
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Decontamination
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Principles of Decontamination
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- Reduce intake
- Reduce absorption - Enhance elimination |
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Removing an ingested poison by repeatedly filling and emptying the stomach with water or saline via a gastric tube; also known as "pumping the stomach."
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Gastric lavage
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A powder, usually premixed with water, that will adsorb (bind) some poisons and help prevent them from being absorbed by the body.
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Activated charcoal
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Administration of polyethylene glycol continuously at 1-2 L/hr through a nasogastric tube until the effluent is clear or objects are recovered.
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Whole bowel irrigation
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A substance that will neutralize a specific toxin or counteract its effect on the body.
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Antidote
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A toxic syndrome; a group of typical signs and symptoms consistently associated with exposure to a particular type of toxin.
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Toxidrome
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A substance that liberates hydrogen ions (H+) when in solution.
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Acid
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A substance that liberates hydroxyl ions (OH-) when in solution; a strong base.
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Alkali
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The maximum tolerated dose divided by the minimum curative dose of a drug; the range between curative and toxic dosages; also called therapeutic window.
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Therapeutic index
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A soluble poisonous substance secreted during growth of a bacterium.
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Exotoxin
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An exotoxin that produces gastrointestinal symptoms and diseases such as food poisoning.
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Enterotoxin
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Use of a pharmacological substance for purposes other than medically defined reasons.
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Substance abuse
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Compulsive and overwhelming dependence on a drug; an addiction may be physiological dependence; a psychological dependence, or both.
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Addiction
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The need to progressively increase the dose of a drug to reproduce the effect originally achieved by smaller doses.
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Tolerance
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Referring to alcohol or drug withdrawal in which the patient's body react severely when deprived of the abused substance.
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Withdrawal
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Poisoning from a pharmacological substance in excess of that usually prescribed or that the body can tolerate.
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Drug overdose
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Disorder found in habitual and excessive users of alcoholic beverages after cessation of drinking for 48-72 hours. Patients experience visual, tactile, and auditory disturbances. Death may result in severe case.
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Delirium tremens (DTs)
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