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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The group of organs that produce urine, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance for the body.
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Urinary system
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The fluid made by the kidney and eliminated from the body.
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Urine
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Waste derived form ammonia produced through protein metabolism.
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Urea
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The male organ system that includes reproductive and urinary structures.
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Genitourinary system
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The medical specialty dealing with the kidneys.
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Nephrology
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The surgical specialty dealing with the urinary/genitourinary system.
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Urology
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Pertaining to the kidneys.
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Renal
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Kidney stones.
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Renal calculi
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A noncancerous enlargement of the prostate associated with aging.
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Benign prostatic hypertrophy
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A management plan to minimized further damage to vital tissues.
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Preventive strategy
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The part of the back below the ribs and above the hip bones.
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Flanks
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An organ that produces urine and performs other functions related to the urinary system.
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Kidney
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A microscopic structure within the kidney that produces urine.
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Nephron
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The notched part of the kidney where the ureter and other structures join kidney tissue.
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Hilum
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The outer tissue of an organ such as the kidney.
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Cortex
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The inner tissue of an organ such as the kidney.
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Medulla
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The visible tissue structures within the medulla of the kidney.
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Pyramids
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The tip of a pyramid; it juts into the hollow space of the kidney.
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Papilla
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The hollow space of the kidney that junctions with a ureter.
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Renal pelvis
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A tuft of capillaries from which blood is filtered into a nephron.
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Glomerulus
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The hollow, cup-shaped first part of the nephron tubule.
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Bowman's capsule
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The part of the tubule beyond Bownman's capsule.
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Proximal tubule
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The part of the tubules beyond the proximal tubule.
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Descending loop of Henle
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The part of the tubule beyond the ascending loop of Henle.
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Ascending loop of Henle
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The part of the tubule beyond the ascending loop of Henle.
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Distal tubule
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The larger structure beyond the distal tubules into which urine drips.
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Collecting duct
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The removal of water and other elements from blood in the nephron tubule.
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Glomerullar filtration
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The movement of a substance from a nephron tubule back into the blood.
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Reabsorbtion
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The movement of a substance from the blood into a nephron tubule.
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Secretion
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The fluid produced in Bowman's capsule by filtration of blood.
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Filtrate
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The volume per day at which blood is filtered through capillaries of the glomerulus.
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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Simple diffusion
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The diffusion pattern of water in which molecules move to equalize concentrations on both sides of a membrane.
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Osmosis
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The measure of a substance's concentration in water.
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Osmolarity
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A solution that has a concentration of the substance greater than that of a second solution.
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Hyperosmolar
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A solution that has a concentration of the substance lower than that of a second solution.
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Hypo-osmolar
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A form of molecular diffusion in which a molecule-specific carrier in a cell membrane speeds the molecule's movement from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
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Facilitated diffusion
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Movement of a molecule through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; movement requires energy consumption within the cell.
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Active transport
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Formation and passage of a dilute urine, decreasing blood volume.
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Diuresis
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Formation and passage of a concentrated urine, preserving blood volume.
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Antidiuresis
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Greatly increased urination and dehydration that results when high levels of glucose cannot be reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules and the osmotic pressure of the glucose in the tubules also prevents water reabsorption.
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Osmotic diuresis
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A waste product caused by metabolism within muscle cells.
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Creatinine
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An enzymes produced by kidney cells that plays a key role in controlling arterial blood pressure.
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Renin
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A hormone produced by kidney cells that stimulates maturation of red blood cells.
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Erythropoietin
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A duct that carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder.
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Ureter
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The muscular organ that stores urine before its elimination from the body.
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Urinary bladder
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The duct that carries urine from the bladder out of the body; in men, it also carries productive fluid (semen) to the outside of the body.
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Urethra
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Male sex organs.
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Testes
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Male reproductive cell.
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Sperm cell
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A muscular sac outside of the abdominal cavity that contains the testes, epididymis, and vas deferens
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Scrotum
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A saclike duct adjacent to a testis that stores sperm cells.
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Epididymis
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The duct that carries sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra.
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Vas deferens
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A gland that surrounds the male bladder neck and the first portion of urethra; it produces fluid that mixes with sperm to make semen.
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Prostate gland
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Male reproductive fluid
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Penis
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The male organ of copulation.
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Penis
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The surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis.
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Circumcision
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Mechanisms of Nontraumatic Urologic Disorders
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- Inflammatory or immune-mediated disease
- Infectious disease - Physical obstruction - Hemorrhage |
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Pain arising in hollow organs such as the ureter and bladder.
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Visceral pain
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Pain felt in a location other than that of its origin.
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Referred pain
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Patients Most at Risk for Significant Kidney Problems
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- Older patients
- Patients with diabetes - Patients with chronic hypertension - Patients with more than one risk factor |
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Most Common Renal Emergencies
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- Acute renal failure
- Chronic renal failure - Renal calculi |
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The sudden onset of severely decreased urine production.
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Acute renal failure (ARF)
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Decreased urine elimination to 400-500 mL or less per day.
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Oliguria
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No elimination of urine.
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Anuria
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Type of ARF
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- Prerenal
- Renal - Postrenal |
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ARF due to decreased blood perfusion of kidneys.
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Prerenal acute renal failure
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ARF due to pathology within the kidney tissue itself.
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Renal acute renal failure
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A disease affecting the smallest blood vessels.
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Microangiopathy
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A particular syndrome characterized by the sudden death of tubular cells.
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Acute tubular necrosis
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An inflammation within the tissue surrounding the nephrons.
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Interstitial nephritis
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ARF due to obstruction distal to the kidney.
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Postrenal acute renal failure
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Permanently inadequate renal function due to nephron loss.
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Chronic renal failure
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An extreme failure of kidney function due to nephron loss.
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End-stage renal failure
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The decrease in number of functional nephrons that causes chronic renal failure.
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Reduced nephron mass
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The decrease in kidney sized associated with chronic renal failure.
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Reduced renal mass
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The inability to concentrate or dilute urine relative to the osmolarity of blood.
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Isosthenuria
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The body cells' inability to take up glucose from the bloodstream.
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Glucose intolerance
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The syndrome of signs and symptoms associated with chronic renal failure.
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Uremia
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Artificial replacement of some critical kidney functions.
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Renal dialysis
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Types of Dialysis
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- Hemodialysis
- Peritoneal dialysis |
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The solution used in dialysis that is hypo-osmolar to many of the wastes and key electrolytes in blood.
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Dialysate
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A dialysis procedure relying on vascular access to the blood and on an artificial membrane
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Hemodialysis
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A dialysis procedure relying on the peritoneal membrane as the semipermeable membrane.
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Peritoneal dialysis
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A painful, prolonged erection of the penis.
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Priapism
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An infection, usually bacterial, at any site in the urinary tract.
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Urinary tract infection (UTI)
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A condition in which the bladder empties incompletely during urination.
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Urinary stasis
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An infection and inflammation of the urethra.
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Urethritis
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An infection and inflammation of the urinary bladder.
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Cystitis
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Infection and inflammation of the prostate gland.
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Prostatitis
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An infection and inflammation of the kidney.
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Pyelonephritis
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A pocket of infection within kidney tissue.
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Intrarenal abscess
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A pocket of infection in the layer of fat surrounding the kidney.
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Perinephric abscess
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An infection occurring in an nonhospitalized patient who is not undergoing regular medical procedures, including the use of instruments such as catheters.
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Community-acquired infection
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An infection acquired in a medical setting.
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Nosocomial infection
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