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94 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
The group of organs that produce urine, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance for the body.
Urinary system
The fluid made by the kidney and eliminated from the body.
Urine
Waste derived form ammonia produced through protein metabolism.
Urea
The male organ system that includes reproductive and urinary structures.
Genitourinary system
The medical specialty dealing with the kidneys.
Nephrology
The surgical specialty dealing with the urinary/genitourinary system.
Urology
Pertaining to the kidneys.
Renal
Kidney stones.
Renal calculi
A noncancerous enlargement of the prostate associated with aging.
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
A management plan to minimized further damage to vital tissues.
Preventive strategy
The part of the back below the ribs and above the hip bones.
Flanks
An organ that produces urine and performs other functions related to the urinary system.
Kidney
A microscopic structure within the kidney that produces urine.
Nephron
The notched part of the kidney where the ureter and other structures join kidney tissue.
Hilum
The outer tissue of an organ such as the kidney.
Cortex
The inner tissue of an organ such as the kidney.
Medulla
The visible tissue structures within the medulla of the kidney.
Pyramids
The tip of a pyramid; it juts into the hollow space of the kidney.
Papilla
The hollow space of the kidney that junctions with a ureter.
Renal pelvis
A tuft of capillaries from which blood is filtered into a nephron.
Glomerulus
The hollow, cup-shaped first part of the nephron tubule.
Bowman's capsule
The part of the tubule beyond Bownman's capsule.
Proximal tubule
The part of the tubules beyond the proximal tubule.
Descending loop of Henle
The part of the tubule beyond the ascending loop of Henle.
Ascending loop of Henle
The part of the tubule beyond the ascending loop of Henle.
Distal tubule
The larger structure beyond the distal tubules into which urine drips.
Collecting duct
The removal of water and other elements from blood in the nephron tubule.
Glomerullar filtration
The movement of a substance from a nephron tubule back into the blood.
Reabsorbtion
The movement of a substance from the blood into a nephron tubule.
Secretion
The fluid produced in Bowman's capsule by filtration of blood.
Filtrate
The volume per day at which blood is filtered through capillaries of the glomerulus.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Simple diffusion
The diffusion pattern of water in which molecules move to equalize concentrations on both sides of a membrane.
Osmosis
The measure of a substance's concentration in water.
Osmolarity
A solution that has a concentration of the substance greater than that of a second solution.
Hyperosmolar
A solution that has a concentration of the substance lower than that of a second solution.
Hypo-osmolar
A form of molecular diffusion in which a molecule-specific carrier in a cell membrane speeds the molecule's movement from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of a molecule through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; movement requires energy consumption within the cell.
Active transport
Formation and passage of a dilute urine, decreasing blood volume.
Diuresis
Formation and passage of a concentrated urine, preserving blood volume.
Antidiuresis
Greatly increased urination and dehydration that results when high levels of glucose cannot be reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules and the osmotic pressure of the glucose in the tubules also prevents water reabsorption.
Osmotic diuresis
A waste product caused by metabolism within muscle cells.
Creatinine
An enzymes produced by kidney cells that plays a key role in controlling arterial blood pressure.
Renin
A hormone produced by kidney cells that stimulates maturation of red blood cells.
Erythropoietin
A duct that carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder.
Ureter
The muscular organ that stores urine before its elimination from the body.
Urinary bladder
The duct that carries urine from the bladder out of the body; in men, it also carries productive fluid (semen) to the outside of the body.
Urethra
Male sex organs.
Testes
Male reproductive cell.
Sperm cell
A muscular sac outside of the abdominal cavity that contains the testes, epididymis, and vas deferens
Scrotum
A saclike duct adjacent to a testis that stores sperm cells.
Epididymis
The duct that carries sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra.
Vas deferens
A gland that surrounds the male bladder neck and the first portion of urethra; it produces fluid that mixes with sperm to make semen.
Prostate gland
Male reproductive fluid
Penis
The male organ of copulation.
Penis
The surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis.
Circumcision
Mechanisms of Nontraumatic Urologic Disorders
- Inflammatory or immune-mediated disease
- Infectious disease
- Physical obstruction
- Hemorrhage
Pain arising in hollow organs such as the ureter and bladder.
Visceral pain
Pain felt in a location other than that of its origin.
Referred pain
Patients Most at Risk for Significant Kidney Problems
- Older patients
- Patients with diabetes
- Patients with chronic hypertension
- Patients with more than one risk factor
Most Common Renal Emergencies
- Acute renal failure
- Chronic renal failure
- Renal calculi
The sudden onset of severely decreased urine production.
Acute renal failure (ARF)
Decreased urine elimination to 400-500 mL or less per day.
Oliguria
No elimination of urine.
Anuria
Type of ARF
- Prerenal
- Renal
- Postrenal
ARF due to decreased blood perfusion of kidneys.
Prerenal acute renal failure
ARF due to pathology within the kidney tissue itself.
Renal acute renal failure
A disease affecting the smallest blood vessels.
Microangiopathy
A particular syndrome characterized by the sudden death of tubular cells.
Acute tubular necrosis
An inflammation within the tissue surrounding the nephrons.
Interstitial nephritis
ARF due to obstruction distal to the kidney.
Postrenal acute renal failure
Permanently inadequate renal function due to nephron loss.
Chronic renal failure
An extreme failure of kidney function due to nephron loss.
End-stage renal failure
The decrease in number of functional nephrons that causes chronic renal failure.
Reduced nephron mass
The decrease in kidney sized associated with chronic renal failure.
Reduced renal mass
The inability to concentrate or dilute urine relative to the osmolarity of blood.
Isosthenuria
The body cells' inability to take up glucose from the bloodstream.
Glucose intolerance
The syndrome of signs and symptoms associated with chronic renal failure.
Uremia
Artificial replacement of some critical kidney functions.
Renal dialysis
Types of Dialysis
- Hemodialysis
- Peritoneal dialysis
The solution used in dialysis that is hypo-osmolar to many of the wastes and key electrolytes in blood.
Dialysate
A dialysis procedure relying on vascular access to the blood and on an artificial membrane
Hemodialysis
A dialysis procedure relying on the peritoneal membrane as the semipermeable membrane.
Peritoneal dialysis
A painful, prolonged erection of the penis.
Priapism
An infection, usually bacterial, at any site in the urinary tract.
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
A condition in which the bladder empties incompletely during urination.
Urinary stasis
An infection and inflammation of the urethra.
Urethritis
An infection and inflammation of the urinary bladder.
Cystitis
Infection and inflammation of the prostate gland.
Prostatitis
An infection and inflammation of the kidney.
Pyelonephritis
A pocket of infection within kidney tissue.
Intrarenal abscess
A pocket of infection in the layer of fat surrounding the kidney.
Perinephric abscess
An infection occurring in an nonhospitalized patient who is not undergoing regular medical procedures, including the use of instruments such as catheters.
Community-acquired infection
An infection acquired in a medical setting.
Nosocomial infection