Vol 03 Chap 02 - Cardiology

Front 1

Disease affecting the heart, peripheral blood vessels, or both.

Back 1

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Front 2

A type of CVD; the single largest killer of Americans.

Back 2

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

Front 3

A law of physiology stating that blood flow through a vessel is directly proportional to the radius of the vessel to the fourth power.

Back 3

Poiseuille's law

Front 4

The period of time from the end of one cardiac contraction to the end of the next.

Back 4

Cardiac cycle

Front 5

The period of time when the myocardium is relaxed and cardiac filling and coronary profusion occur.

Back 5

Diastole

Front 6

The period of the cardiac cycle when the myocardium is contracting.

Back 6

Systole

Front 7

Ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining at the end of diastole.

Back 7

Ejection fraction

Front 8

The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction.

Back 8

Stroke volume

Front 9

The pressure within the ventricles at the end of diastole; commonly called the end-diastolic volume.

Back 9

Preload

Front 10

Law of physiology stating that the more the myocardium is stretched, up to a certain amount, the more forceful the subsequent contraction will be.

Back 10

Starling's law of the heart

Front 11

The resistance against which the heart must pump.

Back 11

Afterload

Front 12

Factors Affecting Stroke Volume

Back 12

- Preload
- Cardiac contractility
- Afterload

Front 13

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute.

Back 13

Cardiac output

Front 14

Pertaining to heart rate.

Back 14

Chronotropy

Front 15

Pertaining to cardiac contractile force.

Back 15

Inotropy

Front 16

Pertaining to the speed of impulse transmission.

Back 16

Dromotropy

Front 17

Specialized bands of tissue inserted between myocardial cells that increase the rate in which the action potential is spread from cell to cell.

Back 17

Intercalated discs

Front 18

Group of cardiac muscle cells that physiologically function as a unit.

Back 18

Syncytium

Front 19

A reversal of charges at a cell membrane so that the inside of the cell becomes positive in relation to the outside; the opposite of the cell's resting state in which the inside of the cell is negative in relation to the outside.

Back 19

Cardiac depolarization

Front 20

The normal electrical state of cardiac cells.

Back 20

Resting potential

Front 21

The stimulation of myocardial cells, as evidenced by a change in the membrane electrical charge, that subsequently spreads across the myocardium.

Back 21

Action potential

Front 22

Return of a muscle cell to its preexcitation resting state.

Back 22

Repolarization

Front 23

Ability of the cells to respond to an electrical stimulus.

Back 23

Excitability

Front 24

Ability of the cells to propagate the electrical impulse from one cell to another.

Back 24

Conductivity

Front 25

Pacemaker cells' capability of self-depolarization.

Back 25

Automaticity

Front 26

Ability of muscle cells to contract, or shorten.

Back 26

Contractility

Front 27

Electrocardiogram printout.

Back 27

Rhythm strip

Front 28

The graphic recording of the heart's electrical activity. It may be displayed either on paper or on an oscilloscope.

Back 28

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Front 29

Deflection on the ECG produced by factors other than the heart's electrical activity.

Back 29

Artifact

Front 30

ECG Leads

Back 30

- Bipolar (limb)
- Augmented (Unipolar)
- Precordial

Front 31

Electrocardiogram leads applied to the arms and legs that contain two electrodes of opposite (positive and negative) polarity; leads I, II, and III.

Back 31

Bipolar limb leads

Front 32

The triangle around the heart formed by the bipolar limb leads.

Back 32

Einthoven's triangle

Front 33

Another term for unipolar limb leads (see the following definition), reflecting the fact that the ground lead is disconnected, which increases the amplitude of deflection on the ECG tracing.

Back 33

Augmented limb leads

Front 34

Electrocardiogram leads applied to the arms and legs, consisting of one polarized (positive) electrode and a nonpolarized reference point that is created by the ECG machine combining two additional electrodes; also called augmented limb leads; leads aVR, aVL, and aVF.

Back 34

Unipolar limb leads

Front 35

Electrocardiogram leads applied to the chest in a pattern that permits a view of the horizontal plane of the heart; leads V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6.

Back 35

Precordial (chest) leads

Front 36

ECG Components

Back 36

- P wave
- QRS complex
- T wave
- U wave

Front 37

ECG Time Intervals

Back 37

- PR interval
- QRS interval
- ST segment

Front 38

Normal Interval Durations

Back 38

- PR 0.12-0.20 sec
- QRS 0.08-0.12 sec
- QT 0.33-0.42 sec

Front 39

Period from the beginning of the QRS to the end of the T wave.

Back 39

QT interval

Front 40

Qt interval greater than 0.44 second.

Back 40

Prolonged QT interval

Front 41

The period of time when myocardial cells have not yet completely repolarized and cannot be stimulated again.

Back 41

Refractory period

Front 42

The period of the cardiac cycle when stimulation will not produce an depolarization whatever.

Back 42

Absolute refractory period

Front 43

The period of the cardiac cycle when a sufficiently strong stimulus may produce depolarization.

Back 43

Relative refractory period

Front 44

A heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.

Back 44

Tachycardia

Front 45

A heart rate less than 60 beats per minute.

Back 45

Bradycardia

Front 46

The normal heart rhythm.

Back 46

Normal sinus rhythm.

Front 47

Any deviation from the normal electrical rhythm of the heart.

Back 47

Dysrhythmia

Front 48

The absence of cardiac electrical activity; often used interchangeably with dysrhythmia.

Back 48

Arrhythmia

Front 49

Normal Sinus Rhythm

Back 49

- Rate 60-100
- Rhythm: regular
- P waves: normal, upright, only before each QRS complex
- PR interval: 0.12-0.20 sec
- QRS complex
= Morphology: normal
= Duration: < 0.12 sec

Front 50

Nonpacemaker heart cell that automatically depolarizes; pl. ectopic foci.

Back 50

Ectopic focus

Front 51

Cardiac depolarization resulting from depolarization of ectopic focus.

Back 51

Ectopic beat

Front 52

Pause following an ectopic beat where the SA node is depolarized and the underlying cadence of the heart is interrupted.

Back 52

Noncompensatory pause

Front 53

The sound of turbulent blood flow through a vessel; usually associated with atherosclerotic disease.

Back 53

Bruit

Front 54

The pause following an ectopic beat where the SA node is unaffected and the cadence of the heart is uninterrupted.

Back 54

Compensatory pause

Front 55

A PVC that falls between two sinus beats without effectively interrupting this rhythm.

Back 55

Interpolated beat

Front 56

Distance between the preceding beat and the PVC.

Back 56

Coupling interval

Front 57

Conduction of the electrical impulse through the heart's conductive system in an abnormal fashion.

Back 57

Aberrant conduction

Front 58

A kind of interventricular heart block in which conduction through either the right or left bundle branches is blocked or delayed.

Back 58

Bundle branch block

Front 59

An accessory AV conduction pathway that is thought to be responsible for the ECG findings of preexcitation syndrome.

Back 59

Bundle of Kent

Front 60

The process of passing an electrical current through a fibrillating heart to depolarized a critical mass of myocardial cells. This allows them to repolarize uniformly, resulting in an organized rhythm.

Back 60

Defibrillation

Front 61

The passage of an electric current through the heart during a specific part of the cardiac cycle to terminate certain kinds of dysrhythmias.

Back 61

Synchronized cardioversion

Front 62

Chest pain that results when the heart's oxygen requirements exceed oxygen supply available from blood.

Back 62

Angina pectoris

Front 63

Variant of angina pectoris caused by vasospasm of the coronary arteries, not blockage per se; also called vasospastic angina or atypical angina.

Back 63

Prinzmetal's angina

Front 64

Death and subsequent necrosis of the heart muscle caused by inadequate blood supply; also acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Back 64

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Front 65

Myocardial infarction that affects the full thickness of the myocardium and almost always results in a pathological Q wave in the affected leads.

Back 65

Transmural infarction

Front 66

Myocardial infarction that affects only the deeper levels of the myocardium; also called non Q wave infarction because it typically does not result in a significant Q wave in the affected lead.

Back 66

Subendocardial infarction

Front 67

Clinical syndrome in which the heart's mechanical performance is compromised so that cardiac output cannot meet the body's needs.

Back 67

Heart failure

Front 68

Blood colt in one of the pulmonary arteries.

Back 68

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

Front 69

Condition in which the heart's reduced stroke volume causes an overload of fluid in the body's other tissues.

Back 69

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Front 70

A sudden episode of difficult breathing that occurs after lying down; most commonly caused by left-heart failure.

Back 70

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

Front 71

Accumulation of excess fluid inside the pericardium.

Back 71

Cardiac tamponade

Front 72

An acute elevation of blood pressure that requires the blood pressure to be lowered within 1 hour; characterized by end-organ changes such as hypertensive encephalopathy, renal failure, or blindness.

Back 72

Hypertensive emergency

Front 73

A cerebral disorder of hypertension indicated by severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status. Neurological symptoms may include blindness, muscle twitches, inability to speak, weakness, and paralysis.

Back 73

Hypertensive encephalopathy

Front 74

The inability of the heart to meet the metabolic needs of the body, resulting in adequate tissue perfusion.

Back 74

Cardiogenic shock

Front 75

The absence of ventricular contraction.

Back 75

Cardiac arrest

Front 76

Death within 1 hour after the onset of symptoms.

Back 76

Sudden death

Front 77

Duration from the beginning of the cardiac arrest until effective CPR is established.

Back 77

Downtime

Front 78

Duration from the beginning of the arrest until the patient's delivery to the emergency department.

Back 78

Total downtime

Front 79

Provision of efforts to return a spontaneous pulse and breathing.

Back 79

Resuscitation

Front 80

Resuscitation results in the patient's having a spontaneous pulse.

Back 80

Return of spontaneous circulation

Front 81

When a patient is resuscitated and survives to be discharged from the hospital.

Back 81

Survival

Front 82

A progressive, degenerative disease of the midsize and large arteries.

Back 82

Atherosclerosis

Front 83

A thickening, loss of elasticity, and hardening of the walls of the arteries from calcium deposits.

Back 83

Arteriosclerosis

Front 84

Severe pain in the calf muscle due to inadequate blood supply. It typically occurs with exertion and subsides with rest.

Back 84

Claudication

Front 85

The ballooning of a arterial wall, resulting form a defect or weakness in the wall.

Back 85

Aneurysm

Front 86

Aneurysm caused when blood gets between and separates the layers of the aortic wall.

Back 86

Dissecting aortic aneurysm

Front 87

A death or degeneration of a part of an artery wall.

Back 87

Cystic medial necrosis

Front 88

Blockage that occurs when a blood clot or other particle lodges n a pulmonary artery.

Back 88

Acute pulmonary embolism

Front 89

The sudden occlusion of arterial blood flow.

Back 89

Acute arterial occlusion

Front 90

Inflammation of blood vessels.

Back 90

Vasculitis

Front 91

A progressive degenerative disease of the midsize and large arteries.

Back 91

Peripheral arterial atherosclerotic disease

Front 92

A blood clot in a vein.

Back 92

Deep venous thrombosis

Front 93

Dilated superficial veins, usually in the lower extremity.

Back 93

Varicose veins

Front 94

The Five Ps of Acute Arterial Occlusion

Back 94

- Pallor
- Pain
- Pulselessness
- Paralysis
- Paresthesia

Front 95

A force that has both magnitude and direction.

Back 95

Vector

Front 96

Reduction of all the heart's electrical forces to a single vector represented by an arrow moving in a single plane.

Back 96

QRS axis

Front 97

A calculated axis of the heart's electrical energy that equals of exceeds + 105 degrees (or in a simplified formula, + 90 degrees to + 180 degrees).

Back 97

Right axis deviation

Front 98

A calculated axis of the heart's electrical energy that equals or exceeds - 30 degrees (or in a simplified formula, from 0 to - 90 degree).

Back 98

Left axis deviation

Front 99

A calculated axis of the heart's electrical energy from - 90 degrees to - 180 degrees. (Indeterminate axis is often considered to be extreme right axis deviation.)

Back 99

Indeterminate axis

Front 100

A range of acute myocardial ischemic states that encompasses unstable angina, non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Back 100

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

Front 101

Deprivation of oxygen and other nutrients to the myocardium (heart muscle), typically causing abnormalities in repolarization.

Back 101

Myocardial ischemia

Front 102

Injury to the myocardium (heart muscle), typically following myocardial ischemia that results from loss of blood and oxygen supply to the tissue. The injured myocardium tends to be partially or completely depolarized.

Back 102

Myocardial injury

Front 103

The flow of current between the pathologically depolarized area of myocardial injury and the normally depolarized areas of the myocardium.

Back 103

Current of injury (injury current)

Front 104

A mirror image seen typically on the opposite wall of the injured area.

Back 104

Reciprocal

Front 105

Stretching; enlargement without any additional cells.

Back 105

Hypertrophy