Vol 03 Chap 01 - Pulmonology

Front 1

A disease characterized by a decreased ability of the lungs to perform the function of ventilation.

Back 1

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Front 2

The Upper Airway

Back 2

- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx

Front 3

The Lower Airway

Back 3

- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Alveoli
- Lungs

Front 4

The point at which the trachea bifurcates into the right and left mainstem bronchi.

Back 4

Carina

Front 5

A compound secreted by the lungs that contributes to the elastic properties of the pulmonary tissues.

Back 5

Surfactant

Front 6

Processes of Gas Exchange

Back 6

- Ventilation
- Diffusion
- Perfusion

Front 7

The mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

Back 7

Ventilation

Front 8

Abbreviation for "potential of hydrogen." A measure of relative acidity or alkalinity. Since the pH scale is inverse to the concentration of acidic hydrogen ions, the lower the pH the greater the acidity and the higher the pH the greater the alkalinity. A normal pH range is 7.35 to 7.45.

Back 8

pH

Front 9

The movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

Back 9

Diffusion

Front 10

The circulation of blood through the capillaries.

Back 10

Perfusion

Front 11

The transport protein that carries oxygen in the blood.

Back 11

Hemoglobin

Front 12

The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment.

Back 12

Respiration

Front 13

A collection of air in the pleural space, causing a loss of the negative pressure that binds the lung to the chest wall. In an open pneumothorax, air enters the pleural space through an injury to the chest wall. In a closed pneumothorax, air enters the pleural space through an opening in the pleura that covers the lung. A tension pneumothorax develops when air in the pleural space cannot escape, causing a buildup of pressure and collapse of the lung.

Back 13

Pneumothorax

Front 14

A collection of blood in the pleural space.

Back 14

Hemothorax

Front 15

One or more ribs fractured in two or more places, creating an unattached rib segment.

Back 15

Flail chest

Front 16

Absence of breathing.

Back 16

Apnea

Front 17

State in which insufficient oxygen is available to meet the oxygen requirements of the cells.

Back 17

Hypoxia

Front 18

General Impression of Respiratory Status

Back 18

- Position
- Color
- Mental status
- Ability to speak
- Respiratory effort

Front 19

Paleness.

Back 19

Pallor

Front 20

Sweatiness.

Back 20

Diaphoresis

Front 21

Bluish discoloration of the skin due to an increase in reduced hemoglobin in the blood. The condition is directly related to poor ventilation.

Back 21

Cyanosis

Front 22

Excessive widening of the nares with respiration.

Back 22

Nasal flaring

Front 23

Retraction of the tissues of the neck due to airway obstruction or dyspnea.

Back 23

Tracheal tugging

Front 24

A decrease in the amount of oxygen and an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide as a result of some interference with respiration.

Back 24

Asphyxia

Front 25

Difficult or labored breathing; a sensation of "shortness of breath."

Back 25

Dyspnea

Front 26

Rapid heart rate.

Back 26

Tachycardia

Front 27

Dyspnea while lying supine.

Back 27

Orthopnea

Front 28

Short attacks of dyspnea that occur at night and interrupt sleep.

Back 28

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Front 29

Expectoration of blood from the respiratory tree.

Back 29

Hemoptysis

Front 30

Physical Exam of Respiratory System

Back 30

- Head
- Neck
- Chest
- Inspection
- Palpation
- Percussion
- Auscultation
- Extremities

Front 31

Crackling sounds.

Back 31

Crepitus

Front 32

Presence of air in the subcutaneous tissue.

Back 32

Subcutaneous emphysema

Front 33

Vibratory tremors felt through the chest by palpation.

Back 33

Tactile fremitus

Front 34

Any position of the trachea other than midline.

Back 34

Tracheal deviation

Front 35

Rapid respiration.

Back 35

Tachypnea

Front 36

Slow respiration.

Back 36

Bradypnea

Front 37

Prehospital Diagnostic Tests

Back 37

- Pulse oximetry
- Peak flow
- Capnography

Front 38

Common Causes of Airway Obstruction

Back 38

- Tongue
- Foreign matter
- Trauma
- Burns
- Allergic reaction
- Infection

Front 39

Form of pulmonary edema that is caused by fluid accumulation in the interstitial space within the lungs.

Back 39

Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Front 40

A method of holding the alveoli open by increasing expiratory pressure. Some bag-valve units used in EMS have PEEP attachments. Also EMS personnel sometimes transport patients who are on ventilators with PEEP attachments.

Back 40

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

Front 41

Obstructive Lung Diseases

Back 41

- Emphysema
- Chronic bronchitis
- Asthma

Front 42

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle resulting from disorders of the lung.

Back 42

Cor pulmonale

Front 43

An excess of red blood cells.

Back 43

Polycythemia

Front 44

Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis: Management Goals

Back 44

- Relieve hypoxia
- Reverse bronchoconstriction

Front 45

Asthma: Common Presenting Signs

Back 45

- Dyspnea
- Wheezing
- Cough

Front 46

Asthma: Management Goals

Back 46

- Correct hypoxia
- Reverse bronchospasm
- Reduce inflammation

Front 47

Sharp or tearing, as a description of pain.

Back 47

Pleuritic

Front 48

Lung Cancer: Management Goals

Back 48

- Administer oxygen
- Support ventilation
- Be aware of any DNR order
- Provide emotional support

Front 49

Toxic Inhalation: Management Sequence

Back 49

- Assure safety of rescue personnel.
- Remove patient from toxic environment.
- Maintain an open airway.
- Provide humidified, high-flow, high-concentration oxygen.

Front 50

Carbon Monoxide Inhalation: Management Sequence

Back 50

- Ensure safety of rescue personnel.
- Remove patient from exposure site.
- Maintain an open airway.
- Provide high-flow, high-concentration oxygen.

Front 51

A pneumothorax (collection of air in the pleural space) that occurs spontaneously, in the absence of blunt or penetrating trauma.

Back 51

Spontaneous pneumothorax