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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Medications/drugs
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Agents used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease
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Six rights of drug administration
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- Right person
- Right drug - Right dose - Right time - Right route - Right documentation |
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Body substance isolation (BSI)
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Measures to decrease your risk of exposure to blood and body fluids
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Asepsis
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A condition free of pathogens
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Local
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Limited to one area of the body
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Systemic
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Throughout the body
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Sterile
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Free of all forms of life
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Medically clean
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Careful handling to prevent contamination
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Disinfectant
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Cleaning agent that is toxic to living tissue
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Antiseptic
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Cleansing agent that is not toxic to living tissue
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Needle handling precautions
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- Minimize tasks in a moving ambulance
- Properly dispose of all sharps - Recap needles only as a last resort |
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Sharps container
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Rigid, puncture-resistant container clearly marked as a biohazard
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Routes of drug administration
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- Percutaneous
- Pulmonary - Enteral - Parenteral |
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Topical medications
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Material applied to and absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes
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Percutaneous Routes
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- Transdermal
- Mucous membrane |
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Transdermal
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Absorbed through the skin
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Mucous membrane medication sites
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- Tongue
- Cheek - Eye - Nose - Ear |
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Sublingual
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Beneath the tongue
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Buccal
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Between the cheek and gums
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Ocular medication
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Drug administered through the mucous membranes of the eye
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Nasal medication
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Drug administered through the mucous membranes of the nose
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Aural medication
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Drug administered through the mucous membranes of the ear and ear canal
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Inhalation
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Drawing of medication into the lungs along with air during breathing
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Injection
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Placement of medication in or under the skin with a needle and syringe
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Pulmonary medication mechanisms
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- Nebulizer
- Metered dose inhaler - Endotracheal tube |
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Nebulizer
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Inhalation aid that disperses liquid into aerosol spray or mist
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Metered dose inhaler
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Handheld device that produces a medicated spray for inhalation
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Endotracheal medications
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- Lidocaine
- Epinephrine - Atropine - Naloxone (narcan) |
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Enteral drug administration
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Through the gastrointestinal tract
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Enteral routes
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- Oral
- Gastric tube - Rectal |
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Hepatic alteration
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Change in a medication's chemical composition that occurs in the liver
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Suppository
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Medication packaged in a soft, pliable form for insertion into the rectum
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Enema
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A liquid bolus of medication that is injected into the rectum
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Bolus
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Concentrated mass of medication
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Parenteral
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Outside of the gastrointestinal tract
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Syringe
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Plastic tube which liquid medications can be drawn up, stored, and injected
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Hypodermic needle
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Hollow metal tube used with the syringe to administer medications
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Gauge
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The size of a needle's diameter
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Ampule
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Breakable glass vessel containing liquid medication
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Vial
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Plastic or glass container with a self-sealing rubber top
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Nonconstituted drug vial/Mix-o-Vial
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Vial with two containers, one holding a powdered medication and the other holding a liquid mixing solution
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Prefilled/preloaded syringe
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Syringe packaged in a tamperproof container with the medication already in the barrel
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Medicated solution
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Parenteral medication packaged in an IV bag and administered as an IV infusion
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Infusion
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Liquid medication delivered through a vein
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Pareneral routes
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- Intradermal injection
- Subcutaneous injection - Intramuscular injection - Intraveneous access - Intraosseous infusion |
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Intradermal
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Within the dermal layer of the skin
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Subcutaneous
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The layer of loose connective tissue between the skin and the muscle
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Intramuscular
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Within the muscle
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Intramuscular injection sites
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- Deltoid
- Dorsal gluteal - Vastus lateralis - Rectus femoris |
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Intravenous (IV) access
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Surgical puncture of a vein to deliver medication or withdraw blood. Also called cannulation.
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Peripheral venous access
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Surgical puncture of a vein in the arm, leg, or neck
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Central venous access
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Surgical puncture of the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral vein
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Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)
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Line threaded into the central circulation via a peripheral site
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Intravenous fluid
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Chemically prepared solution tailored to the body's specific needs
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Colloid
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Intravenous solutions containing large proteins that cannot pass through capillary membranes
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Crystalloid
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Intravenous solutions that contain electrolytes but lack the larger proteins associated with colloids
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Indications for intravenous access
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- Fluid and blood replacement
- Drug administration - Obtaining venous blood specimens for laboratory analysis |
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Crystalloid Classes
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- Isotonic
- Hypertonic - Hypotonic |
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Isotonic
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State in which solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane are in equal concentration
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Hypertonic
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State in which a solution has a higher solute concentration on one side of a semipermeable membrane than on the other side
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Hypotonic
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State in which a solution has a lower solute concentration on one side fo a semipermeable membrane than on the other side
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Administration tubing
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Flexible, clear plastic tubing that connects the solution bag to the IV cannula
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Cannula
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Hollow needle used to puncture a vein
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Microdrip tubing
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Administration tubing that delivers a relatively large amount of fluid
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Macrodrip tubing
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Administration tubing that delivers a relatively large amount of fluid
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Spike
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Sharp-pointed device inserted into the IV solution bag's administration set port
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Drip chamber
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Clear plastic chamber that allows visualization of the dip rate
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Drip rate
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Pace at which the fluid moves from the bag into the patient
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Drop former
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Device that regulates the size of drops
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gtts
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Drops (Latin guttae, drops [gutta, drop])
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Microdrip (gtts amount per mL)
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60 gtts
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Macrodrip (gtts amount per mL)
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10 gtts
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Medication injection port
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Self-sealing membrane into which a hypodermic needle is inserted for drug administration
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Needle adapter
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Rapid plastic device specifically constructed to fit into the hub of a intravenous cannula
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Extension tubing
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IV tubing used to extend a macrodrip or microdrip setup
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Measured volume administration set
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IV setup that delivers specific volumes of fluid
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Burette chamber
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Calibrated chamber of Berutrol IV administration tubing that enables precise measurement and delivery of fluids and medicated solutions
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Blood tubing
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Administration tubing that contains a filter to prevent clots or other debris from entering the patient
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Over-the needle catheter/angiocatheter
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semiflexible catheter enclosing a sharp metal stylet
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Hollow-needle catheter
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Stylet that does not have a Teflon tube but is itself inserted into the vein and secured there
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Catheter inserted through the needle/intracatheter
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Teflon catheter inserted through a large metal stylet
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Venous constricting band
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Flat rubber band used to impede venous return and make veins easier to see
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IV troubleshooting
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- Consticting band still in place?
- Edema at puncture site? - Cannula abutting vein wall or valve? - Administration set control valves closed? - IV bag too low? - Completely filled drip chamber? - Catheter patency |
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Extravasation
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Leakage of fluid or medication from the blood vessel that is commonly found with infiltration
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IV access complications
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- Pain
- Local infection - Pyrogenic reaction - Allergic reaction - Catheter shear - Inadvertent arterial puncture - Circulatory overload - Thrombophlebitis - Thrombus formation - Air embolism - Necrosis -Anticoagulants |
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Pyrogen
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Foreign protein capable of producing fever
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Embolus
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Foreign particle in the blood
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Circulatory overload
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An excess in intravascular fluid volume
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Thrombophlebitis
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Inflammation of the vein
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Thrombus
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Blood clot
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Air embolism
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Air in the vein
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Necrosis
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The sloughing off of dead tissue
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Anticoagulant
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Drug that inhibits blood clotting
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Heparin lock
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Peripheral IV cannula wit a distal medication port used for intermittent fluid or medication infusions. Flushes of heparin solution, which inhibit blood coagulation, are used to maintain patency of the device
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Saline lock
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Peripheral IV cannula with a distal medication port used for intermittent fluid or medication infusions. Saline is injected into the device to maintain its patency.
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Venous access device
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Surgically implanted port that permits repeated access to central venous circulation
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Huber needle
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Needle that has an opening on the side of the shaft instead of the tip
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Infusion controller
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Gravity-flow device that regulates fluid's passage through an electromechanical pump
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Extravascular
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Outside the vein
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Infusion pump
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Device that delivers fluids and medications under positive pressure
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Blood tube
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Glass container with color-coded, self-sealing rubber top
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Vacutainer
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Device that holds blood tubes
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Luer sampling needle
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Long, exposed needle that screws into the vacutainer and is inserted directly into the vein
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Hemoconcentration
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Elevated numbers of red and white blood cells
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Hemolysis
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The destruction of red blood cells
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Intraosseous
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Within the bone
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Trocar
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A sharp, pointed instrument
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Intraosseous access complications
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- Fracture
- Infiltration - Growth plate damage - Complete insertion - Pulmonary embolism - Infection |
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Contraindications to intraosseous placement
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- Fracture to the tibia or femur on the side of access
- Osteogenesis imperfecta - a congenital bone disease that results in fragile bones - Osteoporosis - Establishment of a peripheral IV line |
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Fundamental metric units
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- Grams - mass
- Meters - distance - Liters - volume |
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Unit
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Predetermined amount of medication or fluid
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Stock solution
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Standard concentration of routinely used medications
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Desired dose
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Specific quantity of medication needed
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Concentration
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Weight per volume
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Dosage on hand
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The amount of drug available in a solution
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Volume on hand
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The available amount of solution containing a medication
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Volume to be administered = ?
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Volume on hand (desired dose) / dosage on hand
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Infusion rate
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Speed at which a medication is delivered intravenously
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Drops per minute = ?
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(Ordered mL per hour x drip set factor) / 60 minutes
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Dopamine formula
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(mcg ordered x kg of patient x drip factor) / mcg per mL in premixed bag
(mcg ordered x kg x 60) / 1600 |