Vol 01 Chap 09 - General Principles Of Pharmacology

Front 1

Chemical used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease.

Back 1

Drug

Front 2

The study of drugs and their interactions with the body.

Back 2

Pharmacology

Front 3

Drug Names

Back 3

- Chemical name
- Generic name
- Official name
- Brand name

Front 4

Sources of Drug Information

Back 4

- United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
- Physician's Desk Reference
- Drug Information
- Monthly Prescribing Reference
- AMA Drug Evaluation

Front 5

Components of a Drug Profile

Back 5

- Names
- Classification
- Mechanism of Action
- Indications
- Pharmacokinetics
- Side Effects/Adverse Reactions
- Routes of Administration
- Contraindications
- Dosage
- How Supplied
- Special Considerations

Front 6

Drug Laws and Regulations

Back 6

- Federal law
- State laws and regulations
- Individual agency regulations

Front 7

Schedule I

Back 7

High abuse potential; may lead to severe dependence; no accepted medical indications; used for research, analysis, or instruction only (Heroin, LSD, mescaline)

Front 8

Schedule II

Back 8

High abuse potential; may lead to severe dependence; accepted medical indications (Examples: Opium, cocaine, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, methadone, secobarbital)

Front 9

Schedule III

Back 9

Less abuse potential than Schedule I and II; may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence; accepted medical indications (Examples: Limited opioid amounts or combined with noncontrolled substances: Vicodin, Tylenol with codeine)

Front 10

Schedule IV

Back 10

Low abuse potential compared to Schedule III; limited limited psychological and/or physical dependence; accepted medical indications (Diaepam, lorazepam, phenobarbital)

Front 11

Schedule V

Back 11

Lower abuse potential compared to Schedule IV; may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence; accepted medical indications (Examples: Limited amounts of opioids; often for cough or diarrhea)

Front 12

4 Main Sources of Drugs

Back 12

- Plants
- Animals
- Minerals
- Laboratory (synthetic)

Front 13

Test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory

Back 13

Assay

Front 14

Relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs

Back 14

Bioequivalence

Front 15

Test to ascertain a drug's availability in a biological model

Back 15

Bioassay

Front 16

Six Rights of Medication Administration

Back 16

- Right medication
- Right dose
- Right time
- Right route
- Right patient
- Right documentation

Front 17

Medication packages contain a single dose for a single patient

Back 17

Dose packaging

Front 18

Special Considerations

Back 18

- Pregnant patients
- Pediatric patients
- Geriatric patients

Front 19

Medication that may deform or kill the fetus

Back 19

Teratogenic drug

Front 20

Proportion of a drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects

Back 20

Free drug availability

Front 21

FDA Pregnancy Category A

Back 21

Adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester or later trimesters.

Front 22

FDA Pregnancy Category B

Back 22

Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.
OR
Adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester and there is no risk in the last trimester, but animal studies have demonstrated adverse effects.

Front 23

FDA Pregnancy Category C

Back 23

Animal studies have demonstrated adverse effects, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women; however, benefits may be acceptable despite the potential risks.
OR
No adequate animal studies or adequate studies of pregnant women have been done.

Front 24

FDA Pregnancy Category D

Back 24

Fetal risk has been demonstrated. In certain circumstances, benefits could outweigh the risks.

Front 25

FDA Pregnancy Category X

Back 25

Fetal risk has been demonstrated. This risk outweighs any possible benefit to the mother. Avoid using in pregnant or potentially pregnant patients.

Front 26

How a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized (biotransformed), and excreted; how drugs are transported into and out of the body.

Back 26

Pharmacokinetics

Front 27

How a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects

Back 27

Pharmacodynamics

Front 28

Requires the use of energy to move a substance

Back 28

Active transport

Front 29

Process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane

Back 29

Carrier-mediated diffusion
or
facilitated diffusion

Front 30

Movement of a substance without the use of energy

Back 30

Passive transport

Front 31

Movement of solute in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Back 31

Diffusion

Front 32

Movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Back 32

Osmosis

Front 33

Movement of molecules across a membrane from a higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

Back 33

Filtration

Front 34

Pharmacokinetic Processes

Back 34

- Absorption
- Distribution
- Biotransformation
- Elimination

Front 35

To become electrically charged or polar

Back 35

Ionize

Front 36

Amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue

Back 36

Bioavailability

Front 37

Tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system vasculature through which only non-protein-bound, highly lipid-soluble drugs can pass

Back 37

Blood-brain barrier

Front 38

Biochemical barrier at the maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules

Back 38

Placental barrier

Front 39

The body's breaking down chemicals into different chemicals

Back 39

Metabolism

Front 40

Special name given to the metabolism of drugs

Back 40

Biotransformation

Front 41

Medication that is not active when administered, but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites

Back 41

Prodrug (parent drug)

Front 42

The liver's partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation

Back 42

First-pass effect

Front 43

The loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases the positive charge (or lessens the negative charge) on the molecule

Back 43

Oxidation

Front 44

The breakage of a chemical bond by adding water or by incorporating a hydroxyl (OH-) group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion (H+) into the other

Back 44

Hydrolysis

Front 45

Drug Routes

Back 45

- Enteral
- Parenteral

Front 46

Delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract

Back 46

Enteral route

Front 47

Delivery of a medication outside of the gastrointestinal tract, typically using needles to inject medications into the circulatory system or tissues

Back 47

Parenteral route

Front 48

Enteral routes

Back 48

- Oral (PO)
- Orogastric/nasogastric tube (OG/NG)
- Sublingual (SL)
- Buccal
- Rectal (PR)

Front 49

Parenteral routes

Back 49

- Intravenous (IV)
- Endotracheal (ET)
- Intraosseous (IO)
- Umbilical
- Intramuscular (IM)
- Subcutaneous (SC, SQ, SubQ)
- Inhalation/Nebulized
- Topical
- Transdermal
- Nasal
- Instillation
- Intradermal

Front 50

Solid drug forms

Back 50

- Pills
- Powders
- Tablets
- Suppositories
- Capules

Front 51

Liquid drug forms

Back 51

- Solutions
- Tinctures
- Suspensions
- Emulsions
- Spirits
- Elixirs
- Syrups

Front 52

Types of Drug Actions

Back 52

- Binding to a receptor site (PRIMARY)
- Changing the physical properties of cells
- Chemically combining with other chemicals
- Altering a normal metabolic pathway

Front 53

Specialized protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effect

Back 53

Receptor

Front 54

Force of attraction between a drug and an receptor

Back 54

Affinity

Front 55

A drug's ability to cause the expected response

Back 55

Efficacy

Front 56

Chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually cause a drug's desired effect

Back 56

Second messenger

Front 57

Binding of a drug or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes the number of receptors to decrease

Back 57

Down-regulation

Front 58

A drug causes the formation of more receptors than normal

Back 58

Up-regulation

Front 59

Drug that binds to a receptor and causes it ti initiate the expected response

Back 59

Agonist

Front 60

Drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response

Back 60

Antagonist

Front 61

Drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others

Back 61

Agonist-antagonist (partial agonist)

Front 62

One drug binds to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor

Back 62

Competitive antagonism

Front 63

The binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding

Back 63

Noncompetitive antagonism

Front 64

A competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site

Back 64

Irreversible antagonism

Front 65

Unintended response to a drug

Back 65

Side effect

Front 66

Correlation of different amounts of a drug to clinical response

Back 66

Drug-response relationship

Front 67

Describes the lengths of onset, duration, and termination of action, as well as the drug's minimum effective concentration and toxic levels

Back 67

Plasma-level profile

Front 68

The time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration

Back 68

Onset of action

Front 69

Minimum level of drug needed to cause a given effect

Back 69

Minimum effective concentration

Front 70

Length of time the amount of drug remains above its minimum effective concentration

Back 70

Duration of action

Front 71

Time from when the drug's level drops below its minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body

Back 71

Termination of action

Front 72

Ratio of a drug's lethal dose for 50 percent of the population to its effective dose for 50 percent of the population

Back 72

Therapeutic index

Front 73

Time the body takes to clear one half of a drug

Back 73

Biologic half-life

Front 74

Factors affecting drug-response relationship

Back 74

- Age
- Body mass
- Sex
- Environment
- Time of adminitration
- Pathology
- Genetics
- Psychology

Front 75

Drug that best demonstrates the class's common properties and illustrates its particular characteristics

Back 75

Prototype

Front 76

Medication that relieves the sensation of pain

Back 76

Analgesic

Front 77

The absence of the sensation of pain

Back 77

Analgesia

Front 78

The absence of all sensations

Back 78

Anesthesia

Front 79

Agent that enhances the effects of other drugs

Back 79

Adjunct medication

Front 80

Medication that induces a loss of sensation to touch or pain

Back 80

Anesthetic

Front 81

Anesthesia that combines decreased sensation of pain with amnesia while the patient remains conscious

Back 81

Neuroleptanesthesia

Front 82

State of decreased anxiety and inhibitions

Back 82

Sedation

Front 83

Instigation of sleep

Back 83

Hypnosis

Front 84

Drug used to treat mental dysfunction

Back 84

Psychotherapeutic medication

Front 85

Major Diseases Treated with Psychotherapeutic Medications

Back 85

- Schizophrenia
- Depression
- Bipolar disorder

Front 86

Common side effects of antipsychotic medications, including muscle temors and parkinsonism-like effects

Back 86

Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)

Front 87

Antipsychotic (literally, affecting the nerves)

Back 87

Neuroleptic

Front 88

Major Classes of Antipsychotic Medications

Back 88

- Phenathiazines
- Butyrophenpnes
- Atypicals

Front 89

Major Classes of Antidepressant Medications

Back 89

- TCAs
- SSRIs
- MAOIs

Front 90

The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions

Back 90

Autonomic nervous system

Front 91

Group of autonomic nerve cells located outside the central nervous system

Back 91

Autonomic ganglia

Front 92

Nerve fibers that extend from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia

Back 92

Preganglionic nerves

Front 93

Nerve fibers that extend form the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues

Back 93

Postganglionic nerves

Front 94

Space between nerve cells

Back 94

Synapse

Front 95

Specialized synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or tissue it innervates

Back 95

Neuroeffector junction

Front 96

Chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse

Back 96

Neurotransmitter

Front 97

Nerve cell

Back 97

Neuron

Front 98

Pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Back 98

Cholinergic

Front 99

Pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine

Back 99

Adrenergic

Front 100

Cranial Nerves Carrying Parasympathetic Fibers

Back 100

- III
- VII
- IX
- X

Front 101

Drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic nervous system (also called cholinergic)

Back 101

Parasympathomimetic

Front 102

Drug or other substance that blocks or inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system (also called anticholinergic)

Back 102

Parasympatholytic

Front 103

Sludge Effects of Cholinergic Medications

Back 103

- Salivation
- Lacrimation
- Urination
- Defecation
- Gastric motility
- Emesis

Front 104

Types of Parasympathetic Acetylcholine Receptors

Back 104

- Muscarinic
- Nicotinic
+Nicotinic^N (neuron)
+Nicotinic^M (muscle)

Front 105

Effects of Atropine Overdose

Back 105

- Hot as hell
- Blind as a bat
- Dry as a bone
- Red as a beet
- Mad as a hatter

Front 106

Types of Sympathetic Receptors

Back 106

- Adrenergic
= alpha 1
= alpha 2
= beta 1
= beta 2
- Dopaminergic

Front 107

Drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the sympathetic nervous system (also called adrenergic)

Back 107

Sympathomimetic

Front 108

Drug or other substance that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system (also called antiadrenergic)

Back 108

Sympatholytic

Front 109

Common Catecholamines

Back 109

- Natural
= Epinephrine
= Norepinephrine
= Dopamine
- Synthetic
= Isoproterenol
= Dobutamine

Front 110

Drug used to treat and prevent abnormal cardiac rhythms

Back 110

Antidysrhythmic

Front 111

Antidysrhythmics

Back 111

Antidysrhythmics are routinely classified in the Vaughn-Williams and Singh Classification System.

- I: Na+ channel blockers
= 1A
= 1B
= 1C
- II: Beta-blockers
- III: K+ channel blockers
- IV: Ca++ channel blockers
- Miscellaneous

Front 112

Drug used to treat hypertension

Back 112

Antihypertensive

Front 113

Pharmacological Classes of Antihypertensives

Back 113

- Diuretics
- Beta-blockers and antiadrenergic drugs
- ACE inhibitors
- Calcium channel blockers
- Direct vasodilators

Front 114

Drug used to reduce circulating blood volume by increasing the amount of urine

Back 114

Diuretic

Front 115

The stoppage of bleeding

Back 115

Hemostasis

Front 116

Drugs Used to Treat Thrombi (Hemostatic Agents)

Back 116

- Antiplatelets
- Anticoagulants
- Fibrinolytics

Front 117

Drug that decreases the formation of platelet plugs

Back 117

Antiplatelet

Front 118

Drug that interrupts the clotting cascade

Back 118

Anticoagulant

Front 119

Drug that acts directly on thrombi to break them down; also called thrombolytic

Back 119

Fibrinolytic

Front 120

Drug used to treat high blood cholesterol

Back 120

Antihyperlipidemic

Front 121

Mediator released from mast cells upon contact with allergens

Back 121

Leukotriene

Front 122

Medication that arrests the effects of histamine by blocking its receptors

Back 122

Antihistamine

Front 123

An endogenous substance that affects a wide variety of organ systems

Back 123

Histamine

Front 124

Medication that suppresses the stimulus to cough in the central nervous system

Back 124

Antitussive

Front 125

Medication intended to increase the productivity of cough

Back 125

Expectorant

Front 126

Medication intended to make mucus more watery

Back 126

Mucolytic

Front 127

Main Indications for Gastrointestinal Drug Therapy

Back 127

- Peptic ulcers
- Constipation
- Diarrhea and emesis
- Digestion

Front 128

Alkalotic compound used to increase the gastric environment's pH

Back 128

Antacid

Front 129

Medication used to decrease stool's firmness and increase its water content

Back 129

Laxative

Front 130

Categories of Laxatives

Back 130

- Bulk-forming
- Stimulant
- Osmotic
- Surfactant

Front 131

Substance that decreases surface tension

Back 131

Surfactant

Front 132

Medication used to prevent vomiting

Back 132

Antiemetic

Front 133

Substance that decreases blood glucose level

Back 133

Insulin

Front 134

Substance that increases blood glucose level

Back 134

Glucagon

Front 135

Drug used to treat cancer

Back 135

Antineoplastic agent

Front 136

Agent that kills or decreases the growth of bacteria

Back 136

Antibiotic

Front 137

Disease-causing organism

Back 137

Pathogen

Front 138

The body's ability to respond to the presence of a pathogen

Back 138

Immunity

Front 139

Solution containing whole antibodies for a specific pathogen

Back 139

Serum

Front 140

Solution containing a modified pathogen that does not actually cause disease but still stimulates the development of antibodies specific to it

Back 140

Vaccine