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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taiwan, 1996
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-Taiwan held democratic elections
-PRC massed troops -US put a carrier group there - |
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N. KOR Agreed Framework
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-btn Kim il Sung and Clinton
-US provided a light-water nuclear power generator -US agreed to provide them with free oil for 8-10 years -N. KOR agreed to allow weapons inspectors -NKOR agreed to shut down a nuclear processing plant which could be used to me nukes -2002 Kim Jun Il renounced framework, expelled inspectors, prepared to restart plant |
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American Project
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-Mead
-What the US should be doing (liberal internationalism) -to protect domestic security & build a peaceful world order of democracies linked by common values and economic prosperity -to build this, US used 4 kinds of power --sticky: economic pwr --sharp: mil pwr --sweet: attraction and enticement, appeal, culture --hegemonic: ability to provide public goods |
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Fordism
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-a way of life
-reflects the old, industrial-based economy of 20th century -equaled welfare capitalism |
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Fordism Characteristics
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-hands off eco replaced by govt
-macro-stability (organized labor, regulated biz) -heavy taxes, tight regulation -extensive govt social safety net -GOVT ENVOLVEMENT -Fordism=welfare capitalism |
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Harmonic Convergence
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view of US hist which existed from 1950's until Millennial Capitalism
-convergence of classes, ppl and nations around specific ideals --welfare capitalism (fordism) --liberal internationalism -capitalism would produce affluence and universal education leading to a decline in bigotry and superstition -wealth=health & well-being -trade=cosmopolitanism and dem peace -result=peace, prosperity, enlightenment |
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Contradiction in world role of US
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-Mandate to create a world order (w/o creating an empire)
-must generate and apply power (not too much, or world mad) -international institutions are a way to resolve this contradiction --shared decisions impart legitimacy --international institutions include countries that do not share our values |
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Multilateral delimma
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-international law often interferes with US role in creating stable world order
-no solution; must manage prob |
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Millennial Capitalism Characteristics
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-new tech based eco
-reliance on operation of the free market sys -less statism/regulation -involves globalization |
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Factors in development of MC
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-Reaganomics
--reduce taxas/supply side/reduce inflation --investment in 80's led to IT revolution in 90's |
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Anti-Americanism caused by MC
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Elites hate it bc they lose control of policy
Europe: -Elites pissed off Asia: -NIC's -blame US for '97 meltdown Latin America: -disillusionment w/Washington Consensus (free market policies) ME: -US support of Israel -economic investment led to disruptions -US mil presence |
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American Revival
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-support MC
-want to revive traditional American values -want to restore American international power |
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4 Schools of Thought with American Revival
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-Hamiltonians: economic nationalists
-Wilsonians: idealist internationalists -Jeffersonians: isolationist -Jacksonians: populist nationalist |
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Revival Wilsonians
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-believe in aggressive pursuit of ideological values as part of national security interests
-combo of Realpolitik and values-based foreign policy |
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American Revival arose from decline of Fordism
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-incompatible
-MC FOSTERS trad American values |
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Bush 2 and Revival
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Made it the basis of his foreign policy (when MC wasn't popular in the world)
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9/11
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Bush declared this an act of war; no distinction btn terrorists or those harboring them
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Al Queda attacks on American targets
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-1993 1st WTC bombing
-'98 Bombings of US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania -2000 attack on USS Cole -9/11 |
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Israel-Palistine
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-Barak and PLO leader Arafat met at Camp David in 2000
-came close to peace -failed bc of Right of Return and status of Jerusalem -Al Queda supports Palestinian terrorists |
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Afghanistan
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-Operation Enduring Freedom
-ground forces=mainly Northern Alliance (Uzbeks and Tajiks) -Musharraf (pakistan) helped -2nd phase=spec ops supposed to intercept enemy forces, but they got thru at Tora Bora |
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Bush Grand Strategy
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"Premption"
-US Primacy --used to promote a modal for others --not used to dominate others -Preemption --against non-state actors --seen as inconsistent w/accepted international law |
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Al Queda According to Doran
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-believes arabic civilization has declined bc of West
-wants to establish a Pan-Arab Theocracy -rational actor -appeals to Arabs -zionism/racism/colonialism supported by West -Palestine a symbol to Arabs -any action against West=victory -9/11: wanted to draw US into a quagmire |
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Positive Reasons for Invasion of Iraq by Hook & Spanier
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-doable
-quell fears of WMD's -show rogue states US meant biz -relieve suffering of Iraqis -establish a liberal regime |
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Critiques of Invasion
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-diversion from war on terror
-Hussein and terrorists have nothing in common -cause diplomatic probs -costly -might provoke more attacks -upset ME pwr balance |
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Mueller's Rally Effect
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-when international crisis, ppl rally around the prez/his policies
-after a time, this support dwindles |
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UN Resolution 1441
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-called for immediate access for weapons inspectors and full cooperation in Iraq
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Iraq
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-Kurds (european ethnicity) 20%
-Shiites (unorthodox muslims) 60% -Sunnis (orthodox muslims) 20% (saddam was sunni) |
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Iraqi Insurgents are made up of...
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-former Baathist party members
-islamic fundamentalists -criminals |
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Kagan
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-US saw Saddam as threat, Europe didn't
-europeans daubt US leadership -islamic threat hasn't replaced soviet threat -europeans don't fear WMD's |
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Unipolar Predicament
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Kagan
-Europeans had a bit of pwr over US in cold war -say they object to Bush doctrine, preemption, question US leadership -really they don't like unilateralism -US needs europe; they're core of liberal world -they can confer legitimacy upon US |
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National Security Strategy of the US (Bush Doctrine) 2002
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any dictatorial country who links w/terrorists or seeks WMD's are candidates for preemption
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Mead's Rational for Iraqi Invasion
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-WMD's (major INTEL's believed they were there)
-demonstrate to our enemies/potential enemies that attacks on US would be met w/overwhelming force/destruction -create 1st Arab dem. (Wilsonian agenda) -easy victory would have a sobering effect on other countries in ME (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Syria) -stop suffering of Iraqis -containment of Saddam destabilizing region -nature of the regime was negative |
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Mead and Europe
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-europe no longer as important strategically as it used to be
-europe not worried about axis of evil bc weapons not aimed at them -aren't worried abt other countries getting nuked bc its inevitable -want US to win in Iraq, but just barely -don't like Bruaque Diplomacy |
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Where Bush was Right
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-respond to attack as a war
-necessary to demonstrate the will of US w/overwhelming odds -progress with Libya (dismantling WMD's), Iran (negotiated nuke deal) -security council inept |
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Where Bush was wrong
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-no WMD's
-diplomacy failed in Turkey -didn't prepare US public --overemphasized WMD's --didn't prepare ppl for long war -failed diplomacy in europe -biggest failure=public diplomacy -failure to plan for postwar environment |
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Elements of Anti-Americanism
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-Millennial Capitalism & American Revival
-inherent contradictions of American rule -Iraq war -Bush allowed a perfectly-acceptable war to be seen as an attack on world order |
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Prescription for Anti-Americanism
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-fight against terrorism must be long-term and multi-demensional
-Strategy: forward containment |
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Forward Containment
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-weaken terrorist grps, terror ties to govts, deny access to WMD's
-contain ideology -contain states or prevent states from forming who support terrorist ideology -3 goals over time --deprive terror of victories --keep their orgs weak --build healthy societies |
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Prescription for Palestine-Israel conflict
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-compensate dispossessed Palestinians
-other Arab state should accept homeless P citizens |
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N.KOR Nuclear Proliferation
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-6-party talks
-NKOR gets nukes, arms race begins in region |
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Iran Nuclear Program
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-'03 started fission
-'05 Ahmadinejad becomes prez --incurred UN sanctions --defies UN --very inflammatory |
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Consequences of War in Iraq
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-increased anti-Americanism
-exacerbated pol divisions intensified -Iraq has become a communal conflict -upset ME pwr balance |
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Gaddis
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-Bush went to Iraq w/intention of upsetting status quo
-unintended consequences=Iran & NKOR wanting nukes -things should come together after status quo interrupted, wrong --no occupation plan --overstretched mil --multilateral resistance -US must inspire others to follow it |
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Baker-Hamilton Report
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-US out by 2008
-very critical -US should engage other countries in talks which would give these countries stakes in Iraq's stability -road to Baghdad thru Jerusalem |
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Biddle
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-Iraq is not Vietnam
--not an ideological war --ppl/nationalities fighting each other -communal war -"Iraqization" won't work |
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Specific Consequences of War in Iraq
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-Iran/NKOR=proliferation
-US Soft/hegemonic pwr -who's containing whom? (US bogged down in Iraq) -discourage regime change -"civil war" "Shiite Crescent" -possibility of regional war, possibly along sectarian lines -US leverage in ME |
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Gericht
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-mil struggle
-no sectarian reconciliation -combined Shiite and US forces must destroy insurgents --US needs to keep Shiites from killing everyone --take out Sunnis --take out Shiites |
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Nassar
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-ME will become more Shiite as result of Iraq war (watch out for Sunni backlash)
-don't overemphasize nat'l differences (Iran could influence Iraqi shiites) -Iran will do anything to make US fail in Iraq (so US will be less likey to commit to further regime change) -US could offer security to Iran in exchange for Iran supporting stability in Iraq |
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Luttwak
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-Iraq war disrupted ME pwr balance (Iran now has another prob: US)
-disrupted pwr balance gives US opportunities: --Sunni States fear Shiite crescent --US has leverage w/Sunni states to counter Iranian and Shiite crescent influence --US can detach Syria from its alliance w/Iran to counter Iranian and Shiite crescent forces |
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Kennen and War on Terror
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-both Cold War and War on terror were wars of ideology
-enemy's capabilities different -resources: war on terror MUST be symmetrical/unlimited -must be long term -multi-dimensional --public diplomacy ---multilateral (diplomacy) ---sweet pwr (Ideology) ---pub goods (hegemonic pwr) -Europe --can help w/economic pwr, soft pwr, influence, etc -restore balance of pwr in ME |
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What's Changed in Bush Strategy
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-more interest in being multilateral
-more state diplomacy -deemphasize regime change -more realism |
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Bush Strategy 1st Term
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-asymmetrical
-unilateral -virtually unlimited means -unidimensional (strong mil, weak pub diplomacy) -invasion sent message to potential terrorists/terrorist supporters -includes peripheral interests |
