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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carter Administration
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-Characterized by confusion and inconsistency
-Vietnam Syndrome -correlation of forces had changed in favor of the SU (Bresnev) |
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Carter Admin Strategy
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-Asymmetric
-detente and human rights -criticized Nixon Strategy -left=power politics -too inclined to placate soviets -wanted a similar strategy w/o objectionable material -Sought: -breakthrough on SALT (SALT II=centerpiece of diplomacy) -aggressive promotion of human rights -continued deterrence of SU -less preoccupation with SU -negotiate, reform, deter, ignore SU alliance |
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Ogaden War 1977
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-btn Ethiopia and Somalia
-US supported Somalia, SU Ethiopia -US stopped aid to Somoza regime in 1978 which then fell to the Sandinista's(Ortega) |
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Balfour Declaration 1917
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-by UK
-called for a Jewish homeland in ME -lots of immigration in '20's and '30's -lots of fighting |
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Panama Canal Treaty
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1977
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Israel
(brief hist) |
-May 1948, UK withdrew
-Arab League attacked, Jordan took W. Bank -1967 I smashed Egypt, took Sinai, W. Bank, Gaza, Golan Heights -1973 Yam Kippur War -Camp David Accords 1978 |
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Ben Gurion
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-Declared state of Israel, (war '48-49)
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Camp David Accords
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-Carter
-Begin (Israel) and Sadat (EG) -EG recognized Israel -IS gave EG Sinai -This was big: EG first ME nation to recognize IS, EG lost some credibility |
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1979
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-US recognized PRC and terminated defense treaty with Taiwan
-Islamic Revolution in Iran, siezed US embassy and took hostages -SU invaded Afghanistan, Carter begain to see things differently after Afghanistan |
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Carter Doctrine
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-SU invasion of Afghanistan changed Carter's mind
-withdrew SALT II -Oil producing states of Persian Gulf affect US vital interests, and US will protect them from external attack |
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Reagan Strategy
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-confrontation
-rollback -cooperation -two things gone: detente, MAD |
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Reagan took office when the SU...he did what
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-took office when when SU was in a state of economic decay and imperial overstretch
-US engaged in a mil buildup -NATO decided on INF -detente was dead -Brehsnev had bad timing |
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Reagan won the election because...
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-rejected SALT II
-increase defense spending -more aggressive foreign policy towards SU |
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INF
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Intermediate Nuclear Force
-SU had intermediate nukes in Europe, this hurt MAD and deterrence -allies put IN's there to restore the balance -huge demonstrations in Europe against them (Nuke Freeze Movement) -Reagan gave his "Ash heap of history" speech during this time -all the nukes were eventually dismantled by "Zero Option" |
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START
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-May 1982
-Strategic Arms Reduction Talks -pol. opposition didn't believe Reagan, thought it was a pol. move -he was serious |
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SDI
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-Strategic Defense Initiative
-"Star Wars" -terrified SU -the couldn't match that tech -it was asymmetrical -designed to bleed SU |
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Solidarity
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-Polish labor movement, 1981
-attempted to organize as a labor union w/right to strike, even though commie party supposed to represent labor -was allowed to form, then sought pol. power -led by Lech Walesa -went too far, Polish govt declared martial law -US imposed eco sanctions -SU didn't intervene -communist model began to be called into question around the world |
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Reagan Doctrine
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-US would attempt to remove illegitimate marxist govts by aiding freedom fighters
-El Salvador, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Angola, Nicaragua -was an attempt to "roll back" communism at min. cost and risk to us, -focused on remote areas not too vital to SU -"3rd wave of democratization" -bleed SU |
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Iran-Contra Scandal/Affair
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-Reagan accused of selling weapons to Iran
-used the $ to fund contras to fight the Sandinistas |
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Gorby
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-came when US was intentionally engaging SU in arms race to exhaust them (large budget deficits were incurred)
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Gorby and Reagan at Geneva
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-formed an important working relationship
-helped negotiations -talked abt making deep cuts in strategic weapons -Gorby proposed banning strategic nukes by 2000 |
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Reykjavik City
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-G and R met
-SU would agree to 50% cut to strategic weapons and accept "Zero Tolerance" if US didn't deploy and strategic defense of any kind for 10yrs -negotiations collapsed when US refused to end SDI |
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INF Treaty
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-Dec '87
-SU accepted "Zero Option" -first time in hist both superpowers destroyed an entire class of missiles -signed in Washington |
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Reagan Strategy
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-asymmetrical
-virtually unlimited means -involved an attempt at internal change -multi-dimensional (not focused ONLY on mil) |
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Glasnost
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-set the stage for the Velvet Revolution in E. Europe
-"openness" -Gorby's term for the reforms he implemented to fight corruption in the SU |
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Berlin Wall
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-Nov 1989
-Dec Erich Honecker fell, travel restrictions lifted |
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Velvet Revolution 1989
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-leader of Romania executed (Ceausescu)
-other then that, non-violent |
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START I
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-b4 Reagan left office, he had negotiated START I
-signed by Bush in '91 -reduced strategic weapons by 50% |
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Boris Yeltsin
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-1st prez of Russian Republic
-proposed autonomy -personally resigned from Commie party |
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End of Soviet Union
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-Dec 1991, SU ended with the creation/declaration of the CIS
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Causes of the Fall
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-long-term process
-internal decay -fragmentation -burden of imperialism -inability to dominate Europe -bankruptcy of soviet ideology -new gen. of elites who caused reform -Glasnost (opening) from Gorby -Reagan's strategy of straining the SU |
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Kennen's Predictions
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-long-term process
-internal decay -fragmentation -burden of imperialism -bankruptcy of Soviet Ideology |
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Bush 1's New World Order
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-freedom and human rights
-US leadership and multilateral cooperation -an expanded role for international organizations -the promotion of democratic peace |
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Operation Just Cause
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-US intervened militarily in Panama
-deposed Manuel Noriega (for rigging elections and drug trafficking) |
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Saddam Hussein
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-Invaded Kuwait in Aug 1990
-wanted the oil money -wanted to secure his pol. position w/his people and the ME in general -always against US and Israel, for Palistine |
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Reasons No Invasion of Iraq
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- Lack of coalition support for the invasion
- Fear of fragmentation among the Iraqi ethnic and religious groups - Concern that the collapse of Iraq might upset the regional power balance. |
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Democratic Enlargement
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-proposed by Clinton
-strengthen existing market democracies -create new democracies and market economies -protect democracies from aggression -promote democracy and market economies in areas of greatest humanitarian concern |
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Neoliberalism
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-main challenger to Realism
-strategic issues/mil force are less important -issue/non-state actors -states have a reason to cooperate |
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Inter-related themes in Nye's Book
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-Nature of US Pwr
-Effect of IT/Globalization -Pursuit of US interests |
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Nature of US Power
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-mil force=less important
-soft power important -we should make it so other nations WANT to do what we want -leading nation can legitimize its power through hegemonic pwr and public goods, addressing multilaterally addressing probs of common concern around the globe |
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Paradox of Am. Power
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-no other country can challenge us militarily
-we still need help from other countries |
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Effect of IT/Globalization on IR
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-changes govt and sovereignty
-increases role of non-state actors -increases importance of soft power -gives ppl access to information and organizations -US needs to have good public diplomacy to influence this/these ppl |
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Pursuit of US Interests (neoliberalism view)
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-unilateralism=arrogance, will erode our soft power
-we must be multi-lateral, use soft pwr and pub goods -this gives other countries a say and provides a check on our use of power |
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Compare and Contrast Realism and Neoliberalism
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Realism
-unitary -rational utility maximizer -strategic focus -state centric Neoliberalism -state is still MAIN ACTOR, but not the only one (not unitary), non-state actors conduct transnational activities -nations have a reason to be rational, agrees w/realism -does not have strategic focus, says cooperation is possible and low politics (contradicts Realism) -not state centric, there are tons of non-state actors |
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Iraq
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-Clinton's policy towards Iraq was "containment" (dual with Iran)
-pattern: Saddam would defy/provoke till use of force against him would decline -China, Russia, France had interests in Iraq -wore down coalition |
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Clinton's Foreign Policy
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-based on "assertive multilaterlism"
-expanded role of UN -GOP majority in congress gave him trouble: --opposed New World Order --cut state dept. spending --cut foreign aid --raised defense spending |
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Failed States
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-Rawanda
-Zaihr -Haiti -Somalia |
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Somalia
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-Operation Restore Hope
-humanitarian disaster |
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Rawanda
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-1994
-Hutu's vs Tootsies -800,000 deaths -UN did nothing |
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Zaihr
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-Kabila took over against Mobutu
-country dissolved in ethnic conflict |
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Haiti
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-1990, held dem. elections, Aristide elected
-removed by mil and replaced by Cedras -US & Canada sent peacekeepers, but ran away -Clinton issued ultimatum, Cedras backed-down, Aristide returned -turmoil resumed -US left in 1999 |
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India & Pakistan
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-nuclear tests
-weakened NPT |
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Hungtington: Why Civilizations?
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-civilizations are how ppl define themselves
-world is a smaller place -backlash against modernization (religious fundamentalism) -backlash against Westernization (back to roots) -culture doesn't change easily |
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Powell Doctrine
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-weigh public support
-clearly-defined exit strategy -cost & benifits |
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Maastricht Treaty
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-created EU in 1992
-Euro in 1999 |
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NATO
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-collective defense (against external threats)
-collective security (against internal threats) |
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Partnership for Peace
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-1993
-created a probationary period before getting into NATO -E. European countries wanted in, Ruskies not happy |
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Russian-NATO Founding Act, 1997
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-reassure Russia that there wouldn't be foreign troops or nukes in E. Europe E. European countries joined NATO
-1999, Poland, Hungary, Zcheck Republic joined NATO |
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Wars of Yugoslavian Secession: 5 Major Ethnic/Religious Grps
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-Slovenes (E. Orthodox)
-Croats (Catholic) -Serbs (Catholic) -Bosnian Muslims -Albanians (mostly Muslim) |
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Dayton Accords, 1995
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-Dayton, Ohio
-1996: ceasefire and 60,000 peacekeepers -3-member presidency -'96 elections didn't provide unity |
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Kosovo
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-90% Albanian
-Kosovars declared independence -Milosovic began ethnic cleansing after his previous failures/defeats -'99, NATO sent airstrikes, but only emboldened M -intensive air campaign began under Clinton against Belgrade |
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Results of Kosovo
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-demonstrated serious unity issues in Europe, UN
-military capabilities of European nations were lacking -showed weaknesses in New World Order |
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