Vocal Rep

Front 1

Rossini (Operas)

Back 1

1. 40 operas in total
2. Tancredi and L’italiana in Algeri (Both in 1813)
3. Il barbiere di Siviglia, (1816) Opera Buffa: comic opera seria, written in less than 3 weeks, one of the most popular operas of it’s day and still today, was the first opera performed in New York in Italian
4. Otello (1816) Based on Shakespeare’s play
5. La Cenerentola (1817) (Lead is a Mezzo)
6. Le Comte Ory (1828) Opera Comique, Has Recit. with Orchestral Accompaniment
7. Guillaime Tell (1829) Over 4 hours of Music, Written in French but has been performed in Italian

Front 2

Rossini (Not Opera)

Back 2

1. 1-3, 11 all solo and piano songs (8-9 have some songs as well as others)
2. 3 songs (cycle)
3. a patter song
4. 9 movements (operatic)
5. Stabat mater (1832/1841)
6. Petite messe solennelle (1863)

Front 3

Opera Buffa Characteristics

Back 3

1. Substantial Coloratura
2. Fast moving passages
3. Fast and upbeat and light
4. Easy Harmonies (I and V)
5. lots of words really fast (usually in lower voices)

Front 4

Arrigo Boito (1842-1918)

Back 4

1. Really well known Libretto (Otello, and Falstaff by Verdi)

Mefistofele (1868)

2. Only opera we have of his
3. based on the Faust Book
4. It was shut down because of riots (they didn’t like how wagnerian it was)
5. sung by Margaretta while in prison

Front 5

Alfredo Catalani (1854-1893)

Back 5

1. La Wally (1892)
2. (this is one of five operas but is the only one still performed)
3. Ebben? Ne andro lontana

Front 6

Luigi Dallapiccola (1904-1975)

Back 6

Liriche greche (a set of songs with 3 sub sets)

1. 5 frammenti di saffo

Opera: Ulisse
2. based on homers oddessy
3. people really like it
4. His pieces are often times atonal
5. rarely voice and piano
6. with some interesting instrumental combinations

Front 7

Serialism

Back 7

1. provides cohearance in anyway other than harmony

Front 8

Luciano Berio (1925-2003)

Back 8

1. He did the endings of different composers unfinished operas
2. Folk Songs 1964
3. Used expanded techniques

Front 9

Primo practica vs Secunda Practica

Back 9

First Practice was about polyphonic/choral music

Second practice wanted to go back to the meaning of text

Front 10

Pergolesi

Back 10

La Serva Padrona- opera buffa- intermezzo-(the half time)

and Stabat Mater -sacred text praising Mary

Front 11

Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)

Opera

Back 11

Un giorno di regno 1840

Nabucco 1842 (Viva Verdi)

Macbeth 1847

Rigoletto 1851

Il Trovatore 1853

La Traviata 1853

Un ballo in maschera 1859

La forza del destino 1862

Don Carlo 1867

Aida 1869

Otello 1887

Falstaff 1893

Front 12

Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)

Songs

Back 12

a number of great songs, published in Composizioni da camera per canto e pianoforte

ranging from a more conservative, bel canto style similar to Bellini’s songs to more overtly dramatic compositions

often called ‘Romanze’ as a generic term

L’esule

Oratorios: Messa di requiem, Stabat Mater

Front 13

Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)

Opera

Back 13

Manon Lescaut 1893

La Bohème 1896

Tosca 1900

Madama Butterfly 1904

La fanciulla del West 1910
La rondine 1916

l trittico (Il tabarro, Suor Angelica, Gianni Schicchi) 1918

Turandot (unfinished at his death)

finished by Franco Alfano based on Puccini’s sketches

Front 14

Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)

Songs

Back 14

about 12 exist, mostly overshadowed by his operas

Sacred: Messa (also known as Messa di Gloria) 1880; also other miscellaneous pieces

Front 15

Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687)

Facts/Songs

Back 15

Worked for Louis XIV (Sun King, crazy man) The king loved him.

Ideal composer for early Baroque French

Songs are hard to find

Front 16

Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687)

Opera

Back 16

1. Tragédie lyrique:
2. Alceste (1674)
3. Armide (1688)
4. An opera with a pastorale theme
5. (later Handel set this story too)
6. Comédie Lyrique
7. intermèdes (same as italian intermezzo)

Front 17

Tragédie lyrique

Traits/Characteristics

Back 17

1. Like ISO
2. Based on Greek or Roman Myth
3. Dancing was HUGE!
4. Ballets within the operas
5. Much more connected, less fragmented, recit/aria were intermingled
6. Used more accompanianato recit (orchestral accomp)
7. Chorus role was more important
8. FGO (5 acts)
9. two parts: first faster, second slower (more fugal)

Front 18

Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683-1764)

Facts/Songs

Back 18

1. Wrote Songs and Cantatas (6 Cantatas)
2. Established Tonal harmony
3. Did not work with the royal court
4. caused up roar, people were divided as to whether they like the Italian comic traditions or not

Front 19

Berlioz

Facts/Songs

Back 19

The inventor of the French Art Song

Sacred Works

1. Has mainly choir and one soloist (tenor)

Front 20

Berlioz

Opera

Back 20

1.Benvenuto Cellini 1838

Opera Semiseria

La damnation de Faust 1846
2. Not actually an opera, but is produced as one.
3. Légende dramatique

Beatrice and Benedict 1882
4. opéra comique

Les Troyens 1863
5. Based on Virgil’s Aeneid
6. it’s HUGE over 4 hours long with large choir and orchestra
7. Not performed in full during is lifetime

Front 21

Song Cycle

Back 21

A set of songs meant to go together in a specific order to tell a story (they are incomplete when alone)

Front 22

Jacques (Jakob) Offenbach 1819-1880

Operettas

Back 22

Opérettes bouffes was the name he gave to his one acts

1. Short, parodys of other composers, danceable tunes

Orphée aux enfers 1858

2. comic treatment of the story of orfeo
3. Full length= opéra bouffes (not very different from Opera Comique)
4. La belle Hélène 1864
5. La Périchole 1868
6. All three of these pieces were very successful.

Front 23

Jacques (Jakob) Offenbach 1819-1880

Opera/Songs

Back 23

Les Contes d’Hoffmann 1881

3 acts with a prologue
2. Hoffmann and Nicklausse (Pants Role)
3. THE DOLL SONG!
4. Wrote Hundreds of songs, but none are well known

Front 24

Charles Gounod (1818-1893)

Facts/Songs

Back 24

Establisher of the French Art Song

1. Early compositions are religiously based

1. He took Bach’s Prelude 1 in C and composed a melody on top of it with the sacred text
2. for Mezzo and Orchestra originally
3. This is what Emily sang
4. An apology for cheating?
5. Arpeggiation is very distinctive to Gounod
6. Chromaticism is also more present than in Italian
7. Melodic line is often times Bel Canto style (setting, accompaniment is not bel canto)
8. The long piano postlude of the songs are also characteristic
9. ABSOLUTE MUSIC (not program)

Front 25

Charles Gounod (1818-1893)

Opera

Back 25

1. very unsuccessful
2. written for the singer Pauline Viardot
3. French Grand Opéra (Romantic) ~ tradédie lyrique (Baroque)
4. SPECTICAL
5. BALLET
6. Je veux vivre

Front 26

Léo Délíbes (1836-1891)

Opera/Songs

Back 26

Lakmé 1883

1. Exoticness!
2. Flower Duet (Sous les domes épais)
3. Bell Song (Où va la jeune Indoue)
4. He is only known for one song
5. Les fílles de Cadix

Front 27

César Franck (1822-1890)

Facts/Songs

Back 27

1. Well known organ composer
2. Wrote Operas but had no success
3. Nocturne 1884
4. La Procession 1888
5. It is important for his pieces
6. Thick and dense chords are normal
7. Chromaticism is highly used.
8. Really bad at setting text naturally
9. It is said that his instrumental music is better than his vocal music

Front 28

Emmanuel Chabrier (1841-1894)

Opera/Songs

Back 28

1. Opéra bouffe/Operetta
2. 9 Songs 1862
3. Villanelle des petits canards
4. Ballade de fros dindons
5. Les cigales
6. He puts lots of humor into his songs:)
7. Very influential
8. Had small output but they are wonderful

Front 29

Georges Bizet (1838-1875)

Opera

Back 29

1. Set in Ceylon (off the coast of india)
2. Exoticism!
3. The DUET (Jake and Jaron sing this ALL THE TIME)
4. He died before it really took off
5. A later composer then added the recite
6. Had some verismo traits

Front 30

Georges Bizet (1838-1875)

Songs

Back 30

1. Chanson d’avril
2. Ouvre ton coeur
3. Adieux de l’hõtesse arabe

Front 31

Jules Massenet (1842-1912)

Opera/Songs

Back 31

1. based on a book (Puccini wrote on opera on the same story Manon...)
2. based on a book (the sorrows of Saltair)
3. title role is very difficult soprano role
4. Cendrillon 1899
5. Don Quichotte 1910
6. They jump started his career but not done often now
7. Nuit d’Espagne

Front 32

Henrí Dupare (1848-1933)

Songs

Back 32

1. He had a mental break down and after that he destroyed his pieces
2. Chanson triste 1868
3. La vie antérieure 1884
4. L’invitation au voyage 1870

Front 33

Henrí Dupare (1848-1933)

Style Traits/Songs

Back 33

1. He had a mental break down and after that he destroyed his pieces
2. Chanson triste 1868
3. La vie antérieure 1884
4. L’invitation au voyage 1870
5. very involved accompaniment
6. These are for high voices (male and female)
7. Wagnerian in length and complexity
8. Don’t transpose well (because they are so involved)

Front 34

Ernest Chausson (1855-1899)

Opera/Songs

Back 34

1. Finished one opera (not well known)
2. has about 50 songs
3. Op. 2 7 mélodies
4. Op. 24 Serres Chaudes

Front 35

French Melodie

Back 35

accompaniment is more independent from the text than in german art song

Front 36

Gabriel Fauré (1845-1924)

Operas/other works

Back 36

1. Pénélope 1913 (was over shadowed by the rite of spring) we don’t really need to know anything about this

1. has two soloists (baritone and soprano)

Front 37

Gabriel Fauré (1845-1924)

Songs

Back 37

1. op. 7
2. written in Lydian haha
3. L’absent 1871
4. Ici-bas 1877
5. Au bord de l’eau 1877
6. Les berceaux 1879
7. Notre amar 1879
8. Nell 1880
9. Le secret 1881
10. Clair de lune 1887
11. En priére 1890
12. Aprége 1897
13. Dans le forêt de septembre 1902

Front 38

Gabriel Fauré (1845-1924)

Characteristics

Back 38

1. Very difficult to play on the piano because it isn’t predictable
2. Rhythmic ostinatos in each song
3. Harmonic transitions are more linear
4. Arpeggiation is very common
5. The meaning of the song is not necessarily present in the setting (sad is not necessarily sad sounding)
6. No text painting
7. some believe that you can not take rhythmic liberty in Faure

Front 39

Gabriel Fauré (1845-1924)

Songs Cycles

Back 39

1. 3 Songs
2. 5 songs, (Mandoline)
3. 9 songs
4. His song cycles got a little less tonal than is individual works

Front 40

Claude Debussy (1862-1918)

Songs

Back 40

1. Nuit d’etoiles 1880
2. Beau Soir 1880
3. Pierrot 1881
4. Pantomime 1882
5. c d and e are all names of Comedia Del Arte Characters
6. Mandoline 1882
7. Ariettes abliées 1887
8. Poémes de Baudelaire 1889
9. La belle au bois dormant 1890
10. En Sardine
11. Fantoches
12. Clair de lune
13. Fêtes galantes II (is much less popular)

Front 41

Claude Debussy (1862-1918)

Opera

Back 41

1. Its not done frequently but still a highly regarded opera
2. based on a play (same name) by Maeterlinck
3. Very UnWagnerian

Front 42

Claude Debussy (1862-1918)

Characteristics

Back 42

1. He was a symbolist
2. loved other scales (pentatonic... etc)
3. it’s lighter than usual
4. linear modulations
5. Embraces it!
6. not really harmonically functional

Front 43

French Baroque

Back 43

Lully, the later Rameau

Dance! made it different than Italian Baroque

Front 44

Italian Baroque

Back 44

Renaissance polyphony- generally now considered choral rep but may also be done 1 per part.

Birthplace of Opera: Peri, Caccini, Monteverdi, later Cavalli, Cesti, then later; Scarlatti, Vivaldi, Handel, Pergolesi.

Early Italian Song/Cantate- Strozzi, Monteverdi

Front 45

Italian Classical

Back 45

Gluck's operas (Italian & French), Mozart!

-also sacred works (masses), songs, concert arias

Less significant composers later like Cherubini, Spontini

Front 46

Baroque Era

Back 46

1600-1750

Front 47

Classical Era

Back 47

1750-1820

Front 48

Romantic Era

Back 48

1820-1900

Front 49

Modern Era

Back 49

1900-2000

Front 50

Italian Bel Canto

Back 50

Rossini opera and songs (Italian and French)

Bellini, Donizetti (all still a big part of rep, some songs too)

Front 51

Italian Romantic

Back 51

Verdi (operas, requiem mass, and few songs, romance similar to Bellini's and also some more dramatic)

Late Romantic: Puccini (operas) also Boito and Catalani

Songs: Tosti, Respighi, Donaudy (no unbroken song tradition like with mélodie)

Front 52

French Romantic

Back 52

Berlioz- started mélodie, Gounod continued (both also significant operas)

Opera/Operetta: Offenbach (the fly opera/Orfeus in the Underworld/ Orphée aux enfers), Délibes, Bizet.

Melodie- Franck, Chabrier, Bizet, Duparc, Chausson, Faure, Saint-Saëns

Late Romantic- Saint-Saëns, Massenet, Chaminade, Hahn

Front 53

Italian Verismo

Back 53

Mascagni (Cavalleria Rusticana), Leoncavallo (Pagliacci)

Front 54

French Impressionism

Back 54

Debussy (songs and opera), Ravel (songs and opera)

Front 55

Italian 20th Century

Back 55

Dallapiccola, Berio (operas and song)

Front 56

Camille Saint-Saëns (1835-1921)

Opera

Back 56

1. Moncoeur sávre á ta voix
2. Was going to be or Oratorio (like Handel)
3. one of his 13 (the only one still performed today)

Front 57

Camille Saint-Saëns (1835-1921)

Songs

Back 57

1. L’attente
2. La Cloche
3. Soirée en mer
4. Danse Macabre (orchestral version and song as well)
5. He’s good at setting a scene
6. wrote in typically late romantic style
7. Had organ accompaniments

Front 58

Cécile Chaminade 1857-1944

Back 58

1. Her parents denied her desires to go to the paris conservatory (the conservatory wanted her to come)
2. L’anneau d’argent

Front 59

French 20th Century

Back 59

Satie, Roussel Hahn, Ibert, Milhaud

Poulenc! (Opera and song)

Front 60

Spanish (Late Romantic, 20th Century)

Back 60

Spaniards: Granados, de Falla!, Turina, Obradors, Rodrigo

Catalans: (Granados), Montsalvatge

South Americans: Ginastera (Argentina), Willa-Lobos (Brazil), Grever, Ponce (Mexico)

Front 61

Erik Satíe (1866-1925)

Back 61

1. Les 6
2. An eccentric
3. A measurer of sound
4. Expelled
5. Then gave himself bronchitis to get out
6. Most known for his solo Piano works
7. Started his own church
8. La diva de l’empire
9. La statue de bronze
10. about 20 of each (cabaret and melodie)

Front 62

Performance Practice Issues

Back 62

Early music/ Baroque traditions (Italian and French)- Ornamentations are expected, you often only have a piano reduction

Opera traditions (bel canto, Verdi)- Ornamentation on the second time through

Puccini- you do not mess with what he wrote! Stick to the ink! All of it! (same for most French Art Song)

Faure- some think you can't take rhythmic liberty

Front 63

Albert Roussel (1869-1937)

Songs

Back 63

1. Le bachelier de Salamanque
2. Sarabande
3. doesn’t really sound Jazzy at all... vocally difficult
4. Beautiful:)

Front 64

Albert Roussel (1869-1937)

Characteristics/songs

Back 64

1. Le bachelier de Salamanque
2. Sarabande
3. doesn’t really sound Jazzy at all... vocally difficult
4. He uses the text when doing the accompaniment
5. Neoclasissism
6. Rhythm is important to him
7. Exoticism

Front 65

Cabaret Songs

Back 65

predecessors of night clubs, started in 1880s-then went till 1930s (when things became more conservative)

Front 66

Reynaldo Hahn (1874-1947)

Songs

Back 66

1. Si mes vers avainent des aíles 1888
2. A’ Chloris
3. L’heure exquise (Same text as Faure)

Front 67

Reynaldo Hahn (1874-1947)

Opera/Characteristics

Back 67

1. 17 operas (None in Modern Rep)
2. Very conservative
3. Looking back
4. Piano Ostinato
5. Smooth
6. Lyrical
7. In the same style as Massonet

Front 68

Jacques Ibert (1890-1962)

Back 68

1. Opera: None performed today
2. Wrote 40 songs
3. Most well known set: Chansons de Don Quichotte 1932

Front 69

Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)

Opera

Back 69

1. A one act opera
2. Fire Aria (for soprano)

Front 70

Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)

Songs

Back 70

1. Shéhérazade
2. All about animals
3. Five popular greek songs
4. More well known then Ibert’s

Front 71

Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)

Characteristics

Back 71

1. Friend of Debussy, was also called an impressionist composer but also didn’t like the title

Complex and virtuosic
2. Innovated Music
3. Uses Modes
4. Uses expanded triadic harmony rather than chromatisism
5. Started setting French the way it was spoken (no more extra syllables)

Front 72

Darius Milhaud 1892-1974

pronounced (mijo)

Songs

Back 72

1. Mes amis les cygnes
2. Chacun son tour, les animaux
3. Incidental music- music included in a work that is not primarily a musical piece
4.

Front 73

Darius Milhaud 1892-1974

pronounced (mijo)

Characteristics

Back 73

1. Mes amis les cygnes
2. Chacun son tour, les animaux

Front 74

Francis Poulenc (1899-1963)

Songs

Back 74

1. About animals
2. Chansons gaillards 1926
3. popular for undergrads
4. harder not done as often but is the best set (claimed as best set)
5. popular for undergrads
6. Banalités 1940
7. Le travail du peintre 1956

Front 75

Francis Poulenc (1899-1963)

Opera

Back 75

1. surreal
2. funny/weird
3. about nuns that were executed at the end of the french revolution

Front 76

Francis Poulenc (1899-1963)

Characteristics

Back 76

1. harmonically dense/ inventive
2. usually uses a lot of pedal
3. used surreal poets
4. mood varies
5. constant pulse

Front 77

Peri

Back 77

Operas- Daphne (no longer exists)

Eruidice (sequel to Daphne)

Front 78

Caccini

Back 78

2 collections of solo songs (in recitative style)

Amarilli, mia bella

Wrote Eridice

Front 79

Strozzi

Back 79

Wrote art songs- L'Astratto

Front 80

Monteverdi (1567-1643)

Facts/Songs

Back 80

prima/secunda practica

Vespro della beata vergine 1610 (Monteverdi's Vespers)

Front 81

Monteverdi (1567-1643)

Opera

Back 81

L'orfeo 1607

L'incoronazione di Poppea 1642

Had several lost operas (at least 8)

Front 82

Cavalli 1602-1676

Back 82

Mostly wrote Opera:

Egisto 1643

La Calisto

Many of his works were lost

Front 83

Antonio Cesti 1623-1664

Back 83

Wrote many operas

Called his solos songs Cantatas

Front 84

Alessandro Scarlatti 1660-1725

Back 84

Italian Baroque composer

known for songs and operas

Front 85

Antonio Vivaldi 1678-1741

Back 85

We have 21 of his operas still in existence

Tito Manlio

Wrote cantatas- mostly latin religious texts for women's choirs

Front 86

George Friderich Handel 1685-1759

Opera

Back 86

Has 42 operas

Rinaldo 1711-about crusadors

Giulio Cesare in Egitto 1724

Orlando 1733

Alcina 1735

Acis & Galatea

Front 87

George Friderich Handel 1685-1759

Oratorios

Back 87

Esther- 1st english oratorio

Saul

Messiah-has no characters just voice type soloists

Samson

Semele

Judas Maccabeus

Front 88

George Friderich Handel 1685-1759

Songs

Back 88

Wrote songs for Sopranos (in German)

concert arias

9 deutchen arien

Front 89

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi 1710-1736

Back 89

Opera Buffa- La serva padrona 1733

Buffa did much better than Seria

Sacred Text- Stabat Mater

Front 90

Christoph Willibald Gluck 1714-1787

Opera

Back 90

Orfeo ed Euridice (1762)- got rid of seco recit (basso continuo), kept accompianoto recite (orchestra accomp)

Alceste (1767)- very popular

Iphigenie en Tauride (1779)- based on Greek myth

Front 91

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791

Opera

Back 91

Opera Seria:

Mitridate, re di, Ponto 1770- alot like Handel

Opera Buffa:

Le Nozze di Figaro 1786

Don Giovanni 1787

Cosi fan Tutte 1790

Die Zaberflute 1791

Front 92

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791

Songs/Sacred

Back 92

1. Finished in 1783
2. Solos for many singers (SSTB)
3. Does not include All of the Mass texts
4. Et incarnatus est (Soprano Solo, one of the most famous selections from this piece)
5. SATB soloists
6. unfinished because he died
7. Basically an un-staged scene
8. Often in Italian
9. Many written for Soprano soloists

Front 93

Vincenzo Bellini 1801-1835

Opera

Back 93

I Capuleti e i Montecchi 1830- Romeo and Juliet (Romeo is a Mezzo-pants role)

La sonnambula 1831

Norma 1831

I Puritani 1835

(Last 3 all have really hard Soprano roles)

Front 94

Vincenzo Bellini 1801-1835

Songs

Back 94

Has about 15 songs

Published in Comosizioni da Camera by Riccordi

Also had some Mass setting and other sacred works

Front 95

Gaetano Donizetti 1797-1848

Back 95

Received early recognition in Italy with his Comic Operas

Anna Bolena 1830- received international acclaim

L'elisir d'amore 1832- opera buffa

Lucia di lammermoor 1835

La fille du régiment 1840 -French Opera Comique

Don Pasquale 1843- Italian Opera Buffa

Songs exist but are not frequently done

Front 96

Pietro Mascagni 1863-1945

Back 96

Cavalleria Rusticana 1890 (short and usually performed with Leoncavallo's Pagliacci 1892)

L'amico Fritz- not well known, comedy

Front 97

Ruggero Leoncavallo 1857-1919

Back 97

Composer and Libretto (wrote for Puccini)

Pagliacci 1892 (short and usually performed with Mascagni's Cavalleria Rusticana 1890)

La Boheme 1897- not the famous one (but very similar to Puccini)

Songs- Mattinata 1904

La nuit de Mai- a 40 minute pièce for Tenor and Orchestra

Front 98

Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683-1764)

Opera

Back 98

Traité de l’harmonie

1. Established Tonal harmony
2. caused up roar, people were divided as to whether they like the Italian comic traditions or not
3. Greek Myth
4. Comédic lyrique
5. Greek Myth
6. French Tragedy