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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Capacitation
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The penultimate step in the maturation of mammalian spermatozoa and is required to render them competent to fertilize an oocyte
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Cytokines and chemokines
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Cyto = cell, kinos = movement
Cytokines are small cell-signaling protein molecules that are secreted by numerous cells. It's essential for intercellular communication. Chemokines are a family of small cytokines |
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Chordae tenineae
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Hear strings. They are cord-like tendons that connect papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart. They are 80% collagen. The other 20% are made up of elastin and endothelial cells
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Cryptorchid
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(kryptos = hidden, orchis = testicle) The absence of one or both testes from the scrotum. It is usually a birth defect.
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Free martin
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An infertile female mammal with masculine behavior and non-functioning ovaries. It is genetically male.
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Electrocardiograph (EKG)
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Transthoracic interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time detected by electrodes attached to the outer surface of the skin. It is noninvasive.
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Echocardiograph
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Sonogram of the heart. It is able to produce an accurate assessment of the velocity of blood and cardiac tissue at any arbitrary point using pulsed or continuous wave Doppler ultrasound.
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Erythropoiesis
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The process by which red blood cells are produced. The kidneys detect a lack of oxygen in the blood supply and secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates proliferation and differentiation of red cell precursors.This typically occurs in the red bone marrow.
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Fremitus
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A palpable vibration on the body. It usually refers (tactile) vocal fremitus which can be examined through vocalizations and checking the lungs.
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Furcula
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Wishbone. Forked bone found in birds formed by two clavicles. It strengthens the thoracic skeleton in birds to withstand the rigors of flight.
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Ganglia
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Biological tissues mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. I
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Granzymes
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Serine proteases that are released by cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. They induce apoptosis within virus-infected cells, thus destroying them.
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Holocrine
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In histology, holocrine secretion is the most destructive. They are produced in the cytoplasm of the cell and released by the rupture of the plasma membrane, which destroys the cell and results in the secretion of the product into the lumen.
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Laminitis
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a desease that affects the feet of ungulates, esp. horses and cattle. Signs include lameness, inflammation, and increased temperature in the hooves. Severe cases are called founder.
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Major histocompatibility complex
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a cell surface molecule encoded by a large gene family in all vertebrates. It mediates interactions with leukocytes with other leukocytes. It determines donor compatability.
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Nociception
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the neural processes of encoding and processing noxious stimului. It is the reception of pain stimuli when tissue is being damaged
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Syrinx
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The vocal organ in birds located at the base of a bird's trachea
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Aponeurosis
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layers of flat broad tendons. They have a shiny, whitish-silvery color, are histologically similar to tendons, and are very sparingly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
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Brachyodont
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a type of dentittion characterized by low-crowned teeth, as opposed to high-crowned hyosodont teeth. Human teeth are an example.
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Micturition
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Peeing
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Ganglia
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Biological tissues mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. I
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Granzymes
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Serine proteases that are released by cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. They induce apoptosis within virus-infected cells, thus destroying them.
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Holocrine
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In histology, holocrine secretion is the most destructive. They are produced in the cytoplasm of the cell and released by the rupture of the plasma membrane, which destroys the cell and results in the secretion of the product into the lumen.
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Laminitis
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a desease that affects the feet of ungulates, esp. horses and cattle. Signs include lameness, inflammation, and increased temperature in the hooves. Severe cases are called founder.
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Major histocompatibility complex
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a cell surface molecule encoded by a large gene family in all vertebrates. It mediates interactions with leukocytes with other leukocytes. It determines donor compatability.
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Nociception
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the neural processes of encoding and processing noxious stimului. It is the reception of pain stimuli when tissue is being damaged
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Syrinx
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The vocal organ in birds located at the base of a bird's trachea
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Aponeurosis
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layers of flat broad tendons. They have a shiny, whitish-silvery color, are histologically similar to tendons, and are very sparingly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
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Brachyodont
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a type of dentittion characterized by low-crowned teeth, as opposed to high-crowned hyosodont teeth. Human teeth are an example.
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Micturition
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Peeing
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Deglutittion
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Swallowing
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Cotyledons
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Seed leaf. It is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Upon germination, this may become the embryonic first leaves of a seedling.
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Anastomosis
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The reconnection of two streams that previously branched out, such as blood vessels or leaf veins.
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Sudoriferous
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Sweat, as in sweat glands.
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Sebaceous
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Secrete sebum to lubricate and somewhat waterproof the skin and hair of mammals
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Gustation
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Taste
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Olfaction
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Smell
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Papebra
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Eyelid
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Tapetum
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That part of the eye that always makes your photos of your cat look weird. It reflects visible light back through the retina and increases light available to the photoreceptors
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Lacrimal
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Refers to the eye, usually extremely tiny
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Foramen
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any opening. Usually allows muscles, nerves, arteries, veins or other structures to connect to other parts of the body
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Acetabulum
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a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint
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Sympathetic
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Fight or flight center
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Parasympathetic
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Complements the autonomic nervous system. It is in charge of at rest activities such as sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation, urination, crying (lacrimation, digestation, and defecation.
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Autonomic
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Unconscious system that controls visceral functions such as heart rate, digestation, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, sexual arousal and urination. It's located in the medulla oblongata.
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Proprioceptor
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The sense of the relative position of neighboring parts of the body and strength of efford being employed in movement
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Sinoatrial Node
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The impulse-generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium of the heart and the generator of normal sinus rhythm, near the entrance of the superior vena cava.
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Atrioventricular Node
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part of the electrical control system of the heart that coordinates the top of the heart. It electrically connects the atrial and ventricular chambers.
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Pacinian corpsucle
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One of four major types of mechanoreceptor. They are nerve endings in the skin, responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure. Its vibrational role may be used to detect surface (rough vs smooth)
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Malleus-Incus-Stapes
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Pieces of the ear
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auricular
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three muscles surrounding the outer ear
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Tympanic bulla
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Near the middle ear. Mostly a fossil of our reptile-whale days
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Circadian rhythm
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Endogenous (built in) 24 cycle of the body cued mostly by daylight
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Corium
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Dermis
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Periople
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Thick, cornified, opaque material around the hoof, especially at the heels
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Epikeras
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a thin layer of skin covering the junction between the base of a horn and the surrounding skin, similar to the periople of the hoof
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Hematocrit
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volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood.
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Thrombus
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Blood clot. The final product of blood coagulation step in hemostasis achieved through the aggregation of platelets to form a plug
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Pericardium
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Double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels
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Ductus arteriosus
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Blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch allowing it to bypass the step in the developing fetus
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systole
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of the contracting heart
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diastole
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of the relaxing heart
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Renin and Rennin
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An enzyme that mediates extracellular volume (plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid) and arterial vasoconstriction. The regulator of the body's mean arterial blood pressure.
Rennin is an enzyme that is produced by cow's fourth chamber of its stomach that curdles the milk they ingest for absorption |
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Hypovolemia
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A state of decreased blood volume, especially plasma
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Conchae
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The bowl-shaped part of the pinna or external piece of ear nearest the ear canal
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Turbinate
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a long, narrow and curled bone shelf, shaped like an elongated sea shell, that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose.
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Meatus
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A natural body opening or canal
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Rima glottidis
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The opening between the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilages.
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Phonation
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The process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration
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Cornual
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Referring to the highly cornified horn
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Micelle
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an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid. Formed especially when soaps and detergents are added to water
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Fascia
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a layer of fibrous tissue. Surrounds muscles and groups of muscles.
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Mediastinum
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an underlineated group of structures in the thorax, surrounded by loose connective tissue. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity
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Diphyodont
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an animal with two successive sets of teeth, that is a deciduous set and the permanent set
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Hypsodont
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having crowns that are high or deep and roots that are short. Seen in herbivores
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Cementum
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specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. Excreted by cells that are cementoblasts within the tooth
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Mesentery
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the perioneal fold attaching the small intestine to the posterior body wall
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Parotid
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salivary gland
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Kupffer cells
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specialized immune cells existing only in the liver to repair damage to the organ
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Prehension
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understanding, grasping
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chylomicron
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a class of lipoproteins that transport exogenous (dietary) cholesterol and tryglycerides after meals from the small intestine to tissues for degradation to chylomicron remnants, especially after a meal high in fat
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lacteal
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a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine
alos, resembling milk |
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retroperitoneal
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situated or occurring behind the peritoneum
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macula densa
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a zone of heavily nucleated cells in the distal renal tubule
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juxtaglomerular cells
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cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin
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polydipsia
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Excessive thirst
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pampiniform plexus
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a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins
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gonadotropins
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protein hormones that stimulate the gonads
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caruncles
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oval or round thickeings or lesions in the uterine mucosa
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perineal
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the portion of the body in the pelvis occupied by urogenital passages and the rectum
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estrus and estrous
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a regularly recurrent state of sexual excitability during which the female will accept the male and is capable of conceiving
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monotocous and polytocous
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mono -- one offspring at birth
poly -- many offspring at birth |
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luteinization
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part of the early gestation cycle, the process by which a postovulatory ovarian follicle transforms into a corpus luteum through vascularization
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placentation
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formation of the placenta in the uterus following the implantation of the embryo
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endometrium
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inner membrane of the mmalian uterus
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dystocia
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difficult labor, esp. in cattle
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ostium papillae
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the opening of the cow's teat or streak canal
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streak canal
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a narrow opening in the end of the teat, the papillary duct usually closed by epitheleal cells
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galactopoiesis
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the maintenance of milk production
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colostrum
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form of milk produced by the mammary glands in late pregnancy containing antibodies to protect the newborn against disease and is low in fat
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pygostyle
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a body termination of the vertebral column in birds formed by fusion of the last four to eight spinal vertebrae
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chalazae
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structure inside bird and reptile eggs that attaches or suspends yolk within the larger structure
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peritoneum
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serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or coelom
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cribriform plate
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a flat structure or layer that separates the nose from the brain
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chondrocyte
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cells of the healthy cartilage of special mesenchymal progenitors
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osteoblast
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mononucleate cells that are responsible for bone formation, specialized fibroblasts that in addition to fibroblast products, express bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin. They form types of collagens and are responsible for the mineralization of the collagen matrix that make bones strong.
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osteoclast
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removes bone tissue by removing its mineralized matrix and breaking up the organic bone (bone resorption)
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diaphysis
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main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue. Within is marrow. Primary ossification occurs here.
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epiphysis
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Rounded end of a long bone. Articular cartilage covers it.
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gomphosis
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a joint that binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillary bone and mandible
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syndesmosis
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slightly movable articulation where the contiguous bony surfaces that is united by an interosseous ligament such as in the tibiofibular articulation
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symphysis
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a fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones. It's a type of cartilaginous joint. These are permanent.
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bursa
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a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous fluid that cushions bones and tendons, reduces friction and allows free movement
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synovial sheath
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a layer of a tendon sheath containing tendons in the hand and foot
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pronation
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rotational movement of the forearm at the radioulnar joint or of the foot at the subtalar and talocalcaneounavicular joints (palm toward the center)
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supination
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position of the forearm or foot. A corpse with its palms up at the morgue (away from the center)
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ginglymus
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a hinge joint. it's a bone joint in which the articular surfaces are molded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one place. The knee and elbow are examples.
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intervertebral disk
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between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Forms cartilaginous joints to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and act as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together
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relaxin
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a protein hormone that belongs to the insulin family produced in the corpus luteum of the ovary, the breast, and (during pregnancy) the placenta, chorion, and decidua
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luxation
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joint dislocation
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