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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sagittal Plane
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divides the entire body or body part into right and left segments
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Midsagittal Plane
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specific sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves
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Coronal Plane
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divides the entire body or a body part into anterior and posterior segments
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Midcoronal Plane
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specific coronal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal anterior and posterior halves
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Horizontal Plane
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passes through the body or a body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis; divides body into superior and inferior portions; often referred to as a transverse, axial, or cross-sectional plane
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Oblique Plane
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can pass through a body part at any angle among the 3 planes
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Interiliac Plane
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transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the fourth lumbar spinous process; used in positioning the lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx
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Occlusal Plane
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formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed; used in positioning of the odontoid process and some head projections
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Thoracic Cavity
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subdivided into a pericardial segment and two pleural portions; principal structures: pleural membranes, lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, and heart and great vessels
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Abdominal Cavity
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principal structures: peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, ureters, and major blood vessels
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Pelvic Cavity
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principal structures: rectum, urinary bladder, and parts of the reproductive system
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C1
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mastoid tip
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C2, C3
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gonion (angle of mandible)
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C3, C4
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hyoid bone
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C5
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thyroid cartilage
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C7, T1
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vertebra prominens
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T1
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approximately 2 inches (5cm) above level of jugular notch
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T2, T3
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level of jugular notch
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T4, T5
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level of sternal notch
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T7
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level of inferior angles of scapulae
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T9, T10
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level of xiphoid process
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L2, L3
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inferior costal margin
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L4, L5
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level of most superior aspect of iliac crests
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S1, S2
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level of anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
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Coccyx
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level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters
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Body Habitus
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common variations in the shape of the human body; directly affects the locations of the heart, lungs, diaphragm, stomach, colon, and gallbladder
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Sthenic
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Prevalence: 50%
Organs: Heart:moderately transverse Lungs: moderate length Diaphragm: moderately high Stomach: high, upper left Colon: spread evenly; slight dip in transverse colon Gallbladder: centered on right side, upper abdomen Characteristics: Build: moderately heavy Abdomen: moderately long Thorax: moderately short, broad, and deep Pelvis: relatively small |
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Asthenic
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Prevalence: 10%
Organs: Heart: nearly vertical and at midline Lungs: long, apices above clavicles, may be broader above base Diaphragm: low Stomach: low and medial, in the pelvis when standing Colon: low, folds on itself Gallbladder: low and nearer the midline Characteristics: Build: frail Abdomen: short Thorax: long, shallow Pelvis: wide |
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Hypersthenic
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Prevalence: 5%
Organs: Heart: axis nearly transverse Lungs: short, apices at or near clavicles Diaphragm: high Stomach: high, transverse, and in the middle Colon: around periphery of abdomen Gallbladder: high, outside, lies more parallel Characteristics: Build: massive Abdomen: long Thorax: short, broad, deep Pelvis: narrow |
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Hyposthenic
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Prevalence: 35%
organs and characteristics for this habitus are intermediate between the sthenic and asthenic body habitus types most difficult to classify |
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Bones
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206 primary bones; united by ligaments; provide: attachment for muscles, mechanical basis for movement, protection of internal organs, a frame to support the body, storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts, and production of red and white blood cells
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Axial Skeleton
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supports and protects the head and trunk; 80 bones
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Appendicular Skeleton
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allows the body to move in various positions and from place to place; 126 bones
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Skull
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8 Cranial bones
14 Facial bones 6 Auditory ossicles |
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Neck
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1 Hyoid bone
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Thorax
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1 Sternum
24 Ribs |
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Vertebral Column
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7 Cervical vertebra
12 Thoracic vertebra 5 Lumbar vertebra 1 Sacrum 1 Coccyx |
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Shoulder Girdle
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2 Clavicles
2 Scapulae |
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Upper Limbs
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2 Humeri
2 Ulnae 2 Radii 16 Carpals 10 Metacarpals 28 Phalanges |
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Lower Limbs
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2 Femora
2 Tibias 2 Fibulae 2 Patellae 14 Tarsals 10 Metatarsals 28 Phalanges |
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Pelvic Girdle
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2 Hip bones
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Compact Bone
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dense outer layer; protects the bone and gives it strength for supporting the body
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Spongy Bone
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less dense, inner layer; contains trabeculae
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Trabeculae
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spiculated network of interconnecting spaces; filled w/ red (which produces RBCs and WBCs) and yellow (which stores adipose[fat] cells) marrow
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Long Bones
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have central cavity called medullary cavity, which contains trabeculae filled w/ yellow marrow; red marrow is concentrated at ends of the bone and not in medullary cavity
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Periosteum
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tough, fibrous connective tissue, covers all bony surfaces except articular surfaces, which are covered by articular cartilage; muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach to periosteum at tubercles and tuberosities; blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the bone through the periosteum
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Endosteum
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tissue lining the medullary cavity of bones
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Tubercles and Tuberosities
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various knoblike projections which are covered by the periosteum; points at which muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach to the periosteum
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Foramina
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openings in bone where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit
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Nutrient Foramen
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opening in the periosteum, near the center of all long bones, into which the nutrient artery passes and supplies the cancellous bone and marrow
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Ossification
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development and formation of bones; bones begin to develop in the 2nd month of embryonic life
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Intermembranous Ossification
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bones that develop from fibrous membranes in the embryo produce flat bones (i.e. skull, clavicles, mandible, & sternum); bones not joined before birth; as flat bones grow after birth they join and form sutures; other bones in this category merge and create the various joints of the skeleton
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Endochondral Ossification
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bones that develop from hyaline cartilage in the embryo and produce the short, irregular, and long bones; occurs from 2 distinct centers of development called primary and secondary centers of ossification
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Primary Ossification
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begins before birth;
forms entire bulk of short and irregular bones; forms the long, central shaft in long bones; |
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Diaphysis
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name of the long shaft of the bone used during development only
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Secondary Ossification
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occurs after birth when a separate bone begins to develop at both ends of each long bone
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Epiphysis
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each end of the long bone
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Epiphyseal Plate
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plate of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis; fully ossifies around age 21 and becomes known as epiphyseal line
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Long Bones
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found only in limbs; consist primarily of long cylindric shaft called body and 2 enlarged, rounded ends that contain a smooth, slippery articular surface covered by a layer of articular cartilage; ends of these bones all articulate w/ other long bones; primary function is to provide support; ex: femur, humerus, and phalanges of fingers and toes
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Short Bones
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consist mainly of cancellous bone containing red marrow and have a thin outer layer of compact bone; are varied in shape and allow min flexibility of motion in a short distance; carpals and tarsals are the only short bones
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Flat Bones
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consist largely of 2 tables of compact bone, narrow space between contains cancellous bone and red marrow (called diploe); flat surfaces provide protection and broad surfaces allow muscle attachment; ex: cranium, sternum, and scapula
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Irregular Bones
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compact bone on exterior and cancellous bone containing red marrow on interior; shape serves many functions incl.: attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, or they attach to other bones to create joints; ex: vertebrae and bones in pelvis and face
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Sesamoid Bones
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small and oval; develop inside and beside tendons; patella is largest; others are located beneath the 1st metatarsophalangeal articulation of the foot, on the palmer aspect of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint of the hand, and 2 small but prominent sesamoids are beneath the base of the large toe
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Synarthroses
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immovable joints
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Amphiarthroses
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slightly movable
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Diarthroses
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freely movable
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Syndesmosis
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slightly movable joint united by sheets of fibrous tissue; ex: inferior tibiofibular joint
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Suture
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immovable joint occurring only in the skull; interlocking bones are held tightly together by strong connective tissues; ex: sutures of skull
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Gomphosis
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immovable joint occurring only in roots of the teeth
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Fibrous Joints
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don't have a joint cavity; united by various fibrous and connective tissues or ligaments; strongest joints in body b/c they're virtually immovable; 3 types: syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis
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Cartilaginous Joints
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similar to fibrous joints in 2 ways
1) don't have a joint cavity 2) virtually immovable; hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage unite these joints; 2 types: symphysis and synchondrosis |
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Symphysis
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slightly movable; bones are separated by a pad o ffibrocartilage; ends of bones contain hyaline cartilage; designed for strength and shock absorbency; contain a fibrocartilaginous pad or disk; ex: pubic symphysis and joint between each vertebral body
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Synchondrosis
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immovable joint; before adulthood, contains a rigid hyaline cartilage that unites 2 bones; when growth stops, the cartilage ossifies, thus making this type of joint a temporary joint; ex: epiphyseal plate found between epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing long bone
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Synovial Joints
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permit a wide range of motion; all are freely movable; most complex joints in the body; an articular capsule completely surronds and enfolds all synovial joints to join the separate bones together; 6 types: gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, and ball and socket
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Fibrous Capsule
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outer layer of articular capsule; its fibrous tissue connects the capsule to the periosteum of the two bones
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Synovial Membrane
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inner layer of articular capsule; surrounds entire joint to create the joint cavity
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Synovial Fluid
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thick, yellow, viscous fluid produced by the synovial membrane; lubricates the joint space to reduce friction between the bones
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Meniscus
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pad of fibrocartilage that surrounds the joint; found in some synovial joints but not all; specific menisci intrude into the joint from the capsular wall; act as shock absorbers by conforming to and filling in the large gaps around the periphery of the bones
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Bursae
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synovial fluid-filled sacs outside the main joint cavity; help reduce friction between skin and bones, tendons and bones, and muscles and bones
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Gliding (Plane) Joint
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uniaxial movement; simplest synovial joint; permits slight movement; have flattened or slightly curved surfaces, and most glide slightly in only one axis; ex: intercarpal and intertarsal joints of the wrist and foot
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Hinge (Ginglymus) Joint
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uniaxial movement; permits only flexion and extension; ex: elbow, knee, and ankle
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Pivot (Trochoid) Joint
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uniaxial movement; allow only rotation around a single axis; a rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed partially by the other bone; ex: articulation of atlas and axis of cervical spine
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Ellipsoid (Condyloid) Joint
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biaxial movement; permits movement in 2 directions at right angles to each other; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction occur; ex: radiocarpal joint of wrist
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Saddle (Sellar) Joint
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biaxial movement; permits movement in 2 axes, similar to ellipsoid; face of each bone end has a concave and a convex aspect; the opposing bones are shaped in a manner that allows side-to-side and up-and-down movement; carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and first metacarpal is the only one
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Ball and Socket (Spheroid) Joint
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multiaxial movement; permits movement in many axes: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation; round head of one bone rests within the cup-shaped depression of the other bone; ex: hip and shoulder
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Condyle
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rounded process at an articular extremity
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Coracoid or Coronoid
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beaklike or crownlike process
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Crest
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ridgelike process
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Epicondyle
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projection above a condyle
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Facet
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small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation w/ another structure
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Hamulus
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hook-shaped process
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Head
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expanded end of a long bone
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Horn
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hornlike process on a bone
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Line
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less prominent ridge than a crest; a linear elevation
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Malleolus
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club-shaped process
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Protuberance
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projecting part or prominence
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Spine
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sharp process
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Styloid
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long, pointed process
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Trochanter
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either of two large, rounded, and elevated processes (greater or major and lesser or minor) located at junction of neck and shaft of femur
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Tubercle
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small, rounded, and elevated process
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Tuberosity
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large, rounded, and elevated process
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Fissure
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cleft or deep groove
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Foramen
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hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves
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Fossa
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pit, fovea, or hollow space
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Groove
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shallow linear channel
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Meatus
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tubelike passageway running within a bone
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Notch
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indentation into the border of a bone
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Sinus
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recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space such as (1)a recess or groove in bone, as used to designate a channel for venous blood on inner surface of cranium; (2) an air cavity in bone or a hollow space in other tissue (used to designate a hollow space within a bone, as in paranasal sinuses); or (3) a fistula or suppurating channel in soft tissues
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Sulcus
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furrow, trench, or fissurelike depression
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Fracture
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a break in the bone; can be classified as compression, open or compound, simple, greenstick, transverse, spiral or oblique, comminuted, or impacted
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Closed Fracture
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doesn't break through the skin
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Open Fracture
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serious fracture in which the broken bone or bones project through the skin
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Nondisplaced Fracture
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bone retains its normal alignment
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Displaced Fracture
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more serious fracture in which the bones are not in anatomic alignment
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Anterior (Ventral)
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refers to forward or front part of the body or forward part of an organ
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Posterior (Dorsal)
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refers to back part of a body or organ (note, however, that the superior surface of the foot is referred to as the dorsal surface)
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Caudad
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refers to parts away from the head of the body
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Cephalad
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refers to parts toward the head of the body
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Superior
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refers to nearer the head or situated above
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Inferior
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refers to nearer the feet or situated below
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Central
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refers to midarea or main part of an organ
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Peripheral
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refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
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Medial
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refers to parts toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of another body part
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Lateral
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refers to parts away from the median plane of the body or away from the middle of another body part to the right or left
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Superficial
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refers to parts near the skin or surface
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Deep
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refers to parts far from the surface
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Distal
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refers to parts farthest from the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; away from center of body
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Proximal
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refers to parts nearer the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; toward the center of the body
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External
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refers to parts outside an organ or on the outside of the body
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Internal
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refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ
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Parietal
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refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity
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Visceral
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refers to the covering of an organ
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Ipsilateral
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refers to a part or parts on the same side of the body
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Contralateral
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refers to a part or parts on the opposite side of the body
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Palmar
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refers to the palm of the hand
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Plantar
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refers to the sole of the foot
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Dorsum
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refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot or to the back or posterior surface of the hand
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Projection
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the path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient to the image receptor (IR)
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Axial Projection
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there is longitudinal angulation of the central ray with the long axis of the body or a specific body part; refers to all projections in which the longitudinal angulation between the central ray and the long axis of the body part is 10 degrees or more
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Tangential Projection
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occasionally the central ray is directed toward the outer margin of a curved body surface to profile a body part just under the surface and project it free of superimposition
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Lateral Projection
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a perpendicular central ray enters one side of the body or body part, passes transversely along the coronal plane, and exits on the opposite side; a left or right lateral position specifies the side of the body closest to the IR and corresponds with the side exited by the central ray
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Oblique Projection
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the central ray enters the body or body part from a side angle following an oblique plane
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True Projections
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the term true (true AP, true PA, and true lateral) is often used in clinical practice; True is used to specifically indicate that the body part must be placed exactly in the anatomic position
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Upright
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erect or marked by a vertical position
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Seated
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upright position in which the patient is sitting on a chair or stool
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Recumbent
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general term referring to lying down in any position, such as dorsal recumbent, ventral recumbent, or lateral recumbent
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Supine
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lying on the back
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Prone
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lying face down
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Trendelenburg's Position
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supine position with the head tilted downward
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Fowler's Position
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supine position with the head higher than the feet
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Sim's Position
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a recumbent position with the patient lying on the left anterior side (semiprone) with the left leg extended and the right knee and thigh partially flexed
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Lithotomy Position
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a supine position with the knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle or knee supports
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Oblique Position
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achieved when the entire body or body part is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the radiographic table or IR
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Decubitus Position
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indicates that the patient is lying down and that the central ray is horizontal and parallel with the floor; 3 primary positions named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying: lateral decubitus (left or right), dorsal decubitus, and ventral decubitus
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Lordotic Position
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achieved by having the patient lean backward while in the upright body position so that only the shoulders are in contact with the IR; used for visualization of pulmonary apices and clavicles
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Lateral Decubitus
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most often used to demonstrate the presence of air-fluid levels or free air in the chest and abdomen
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Abduct or Abduction
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movement of a part away from the central axis of the body or body part
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Adduct or Adduction
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movement of a part toward the central axis of the body or body part
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Extension
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straightening of a joint; when both elements of the joint are in the anatomic position; the normal position of a joint
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Flexion
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act of bending a joint; the opposite of extension
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Hyperextension
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forced or excessive extension of a limb or joints
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Hyperflexion
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forced overflexion of a limb or joints
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Evert/Eversion
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outward turning of the foot at the ankle
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Invert/Inversion
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inward turning of the foot at the ankle
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Pronate/Pronation
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rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down
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Supinate/Supination
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rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down
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Rotate/Rotation
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turning or rotating of the body or a body part around its axis
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Circumduction
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circular movement of a limb
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Tilt
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tipping or slanting a body part slightly; the tilt is in relation to the long axis of the body
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Deviation
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a turning away from the regular standard or course
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ALARA
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mnemonic meaning to keep all radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable
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Becquerel (Bq)
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unit of radioactivity in the International System of Units, equal to one disintegration per second
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Classic Coherent Scattering
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interaction with matter in which a low-energy photon (below 10 kiloelectron volts) is absorbed and released with its same energy, frequency, and wavelength but with a change of direction
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Compton Effect (Scattering)
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interaction with matter in which a higher-energy photon strikes a loosely bound outer electron, removing it from its shell, and the remaining energy is released as a scattered photon
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Curie (Ci)
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unit of radioactivity defined as the quantity of any radioactive nuclide in which the number of disintegrations per second is 3.7 x 10^10
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Germ Cell
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cell of an organism whose function it is to reproduce its kind (e.g. ovum, spermatozoon)
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Gray (Gy)
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unit in the International System used to measure the amount of energy absorbed in any medium; 1 Gy = 100 radiation absorbed doses
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International System (SI) Units
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system of units based on metric measurement developed in 1948 used to measure radiation
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Kiloelectron Volt (keV)
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unit of energy equal to 1000 electron volts
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Pair Production
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interaction between matter and a photon possessing a minimum of 1.02 million electron volts of energy producing two oppositely charged particles, a positron and a negatron
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Photoelectric Effect
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interaction with matter in which a photon strikes an inner shell electron, causing its ejection from orbit with the complete absorption of the photon's energy
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Radiation
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forms of energy emitted and transferred through matter
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Radiation Absorbed Dose (Rad)
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unit used to measure the amount of energy absorbed in any medium; equal to 100 ergs of energy absorbed in 1g of material
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Radiation Equivalent Man (Rem)
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unit of dose equivalence; equal to the product of absorbed dose in rads and a quality factor
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Roentgen (R)
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a unit of exposure in air; that quantity of x-radiation or gamma radiation that produces the quantity 2.08 x 10^9 ion pairs per cubic centimeter of air
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Sievert (Sv)
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unit in the International System used to measure the dose equivalence, or biologic effectiveness, of differing radiations; 1 Sv = 100 rems
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Somatic Cell
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all of the body's cells except germ cells
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X-ray
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a form of electromagnetic radiation traveling at the speed of light, with the ability to penetrate matter
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