Vocabulary Ch 21-27

Front 1

A collection of pus in a sac, formed by necrotic tissues and an accumulation of white blood cells.

Back 1

abscess

Front 2

The abnormal conduction of the electrical impulse through the heart.

Back 2

aberrant conduction

Front 3

The early phase of cardiac repolarization, wherein the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize.

Back 3

absolute refractory period

Front 4

Term used to describe any group of clinical symptoms consistent with acute myocardial ischemia.

Back 4

acute coronary syndrome

Front 5

The ridges between the teeth, which are covered with thickened connective tissue and epithelium.

Back 5

alveolar ridges

Front 6

The sudden pain from myocardial ischemia, caused by diminished circulation to the cardiac muscle. The pain is usually substernal and often radiates to the arms, jaw, or abdomen and usually lasts 3 to 5 minutes and disappears with rest.

Back 6

angina pectoris

Front 7

Recurrent large areas of subcutaneous edema of sudden onset, usually disappearing within 24 hours, which is seen mainly in young women, frequently as a result of allergy to food or drugs.

Back 7

angioedema

Front 8

Prominence on the sternum that lies opposite the second intercostal space.

Back 8

angle of Louis

Front 9

A condition in which the pupils are not of equal size.

Back 9

anisocoria

Front 10

A condition that occurs with flexion injuries or fractures resulting in the displacement of bony fragments into the anterior portion of the spinal cord; findings include paralysis below the level of the insult and loss of pain, temperature, and touch sensation.

Back 10

anterior cord syndrome

Front 11

Loss of memory relating to events that occurred after the injury.

Back 11

anterograde (posttraumatic) amnesia

Front 12

The middle membrane of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord.

Back 12

arachnoid

Front 13

-- A pathologic condition in which the arterial walls become thickened and inelastic.

Back 13

arteriosclerosis

Front 14

-- Inflammation of the joints.

Back 14

arthritis

Front 15

-- Collapsing of the alveoli.

Back 15

atelectasis

Front 16

-- A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, which eventually leads to partial or complete blockage of blood flow.

Back 16

atherosclerosis

Front 17

-- Spontaneous initiation of depolarizing electric impulses by pacemaker sites within the electric conduction system of the heart.

Back 17

automaticity

Front 18

-- When the toe(s) moves upward in response to stimulation to the sole of the foot. Under normal circumstances, the toe(s) moves downward.

Back 18

Babinski reflex

Front 19

-- Bruising over the mastoid bone behind the ear commonly seen following a basilar skull fracture; also called retroauricular ecchymosis.

Back 19

Battle’s sign

Front 20

-- An arrhythmia in which every other heartbeat is a premature contraction.

Back 20

bigeminy

Front 21

-- An impact on the body by objects that cause injury without penetrating soft tissues or internal organs and cavities.

Back 21

blunt trauma

Front 22

-- Poisoning from eating food containing botulinum toxin.

Back 22

botulism

Front 23

-- An incomplete fracture typically occurring in children in which the bone becomes bent as the result of a compressive force.

Back 23

bowing fracture

Front 24

-- The midbrain, pons, and medulla, collectively.

Back 24

brain stem

Front 25

-- Pain, Paralysis, Parasthesias, Pulselessness, Pallor, and Pressure.

Back 25

6 Ps of musculoskeletal assessment

Front 26

A condition associated with penetrating trauma with hemisection of the spinal cord and complete damage to all spinal tracts on the involved side.

Back 26

Brown-Sequard syndrome

Front 27

A common incomplete fracture in children in which the cortex of the bone fractures from an excessive compression force.

Back 27

buckle fracture

Front 28

A disturbance in electric conduction through the right or left bundle branch from the bundle of His.

Back 28

bundle branch block

Front 29

The portion of the electric conduction system in the interventricular septum that conducts the depolarizing impulse from the atrioventricular junction to the right and left bundle branches.

Back 29

bundle of his

Front 30

Inflammation of a bursa.

Back 30

Bursitis

Front 31

Deep cyanosis of the face and neck and across the chest and back; associated with little or no blood flow; it is particularly ominous.

Back 31

Cape Cyanosis

Front 32

The volume of blood delivered to the body in 1 minute.

Back 32

Cardiac Output

Front 33

The use of a synchronized direct current (DC) electric shock to convert tachyarrhythmias (such as atrial flutter) to normal sinus rhythm.

Back 33

Cardioversion

Front 34

Contorted position of the hand in which the fingers flex in a clawlike attitude and the thumb curls toward the palm.

Back 34

Carpopedal Spasm

Front 35

A condition resulting from hyperextension injuries to the cervical area that cause damage with hemorrhage or edema to the central cervical segments; findings include greater loss of function in the upper extremities with variable sensory loss of pain and temperature.

Back 35

Central Cord Syndrome

Front 36

The system containing the brain and spinal cord.

Back 36

Central nervous system

Front 37

Deep,rapid respirrations; similar to Kussmaul, but without an acetone breath odor; commonly seen following brain stem injury.

Back 37

Central neurogenic hyperventilation

Front 38

A focal brain injury in which brain tissue is bruised and damaged in a defined area.

Back 38

Cerebral contusion

Front 39

Occurs when the brain is jarred around in the skull; a mild diffuse brain injury that does not result in structural damage or permanent neurologic impairment.

Back 39

Cerebral concussion

Front 40

The pressure of blood flow through the brain; the difference between the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intracranial pressure (ICP).

Back 40

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)

Front 41

Fibrous strands shaped like umbrella stays that attach the free edges of the leaflets, or cusps, of the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles.

Back 41

Chordae tendineae

Front 42

The effect on the rate of contraction of the heart.

Back 42

Chronotropic effect

Front 43

An injury in which there is soft-tissue damage inside the body, but the skin remains intact.

Back 43

Closed abdominal injury

Front 44

The mesh of arteries and capillaries that furnishes blood to a segment of tissue whose original arterial supply has been obstructed.

Back 44

collateral circulation

Front 45

A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces.

Back 45

comminuted fracture

Front 46

An event in which an often fatal cardiac dysrhythmia is produced by a sudden blow to the thoracic cavity.

Back 46

Commitio Cordis

Front 47

The strength of heart muscle contractions.

Back 47

Contractility

Front 48

Heart disease that develops secondary to a chronic lung disease, usually affecting primarily the right side of the heart.

Back 48

Cor Pulmonale

Front 49

Dual impacting of the brain into the skull; coup injury occurs at the point of impact; contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of impact, as the brain rebounds.

Back 49

Coup-contercoup injury

Front 50

A grating sensation made when two pieces of broken bone are rubbed together or subcutaneous emphysema is palpated.Crackling, grating, or grinding that is often felt or heard when two ends of bone rub together.

Back 50

Crepitus

Front 51

-- The interval between the end of the QRS complex and the beginning of the T wave; often elevated or depressed with respect to the isoelectric line when there is significant myocardial ischemia.

Back 51

ST segment

Front 52

-- Angina pectoris characterized by periodic pain with a predictable pattern.

Back 52

stable angina

Front 53

-- A severe, prolonged asthma attack that cannot be broken with epinephrine.

Back 53

status asthmaticus

Front 54

-- A fracture that results from exaggerated stress on the bone caused by unusually rapid muscle development.

Back 54

stress fracture

Front 55

-- A physical finding of air within the subcutaneous tissue.

Back 55

subcutaneous emphysema

Front 56

-- An accumulation of blood beneath the dura but outside the brain.

Back 56

subdural hematoma

Front 57

-- Fractures of the distal humerus that occur just proximal to the elbow.

Back 57

supracondylar fractures

Front 58

-- A substance formed in the lungs that helps keep the small air sacs or alveoli from collapsing and sticking together; a low level in a premature baby contributes to respiratory distress syndrome.

Back 58

surfactant

Front 59

-- Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that governs the body’s fight-or-flight reactions by inducing smooth muscle contraction or relaxation of the blood vessels and bronchioles.

Back 59

sympathetic nervous system

Front 60

-- The flow of blood from the left ventricle through the aorta, to all of its branches and capillaries in the tissues, and back to the right atrium through the venules, veins, and venae cavae; also called the greater circulation.

Back 60

systemic circulation

Front 61

-- Vibrations in the chest as the patient breathes.

Back 61

tactile fremitus

Front 62

-- Squeezing of the calf muscle to evaluate for plantar flexion of the foot to determine whether the Achilles tendon is intact.

Back 62

Thompson test

Front 63

-- The junction of each pedicle and lamina on each side of a vertebra; these project laterally and posteriorly and form points of attachment for muscles and ligaments.

Back 63

transverse spinous process

Front 64

-- A pattern of injuries seen after a severe force is applied to the thorax, forcing blood from the great vessels and back into the head and neck.

Back 64

traumatic asphyxia

Front 65

-- A traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes.

Back 65

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Front 66

-- A chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affects the lungs but can also affect other organs such as the brain or kidneys.

Back 66

tuberculosis

Front 67

-- Three bony shelves that protrude from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and extend into the nasal passageway, parallel to the nasal floor; serve to increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa, thereby improving the processes of warming, filtering, and humidification of inhaled air.

Back 67

turbinates

Front 68

-- Angina pectoris characterized by a changing, unpredictable pattern of pain, which may signal an impending acute myocardial infarction.

Back 68

unstable angina

Front 69

-- Forced exhalation against a closed glottis, the effect of which is to stimulate the vagus nerve and, thereby, slow the heart rate.

Back 69

Valsalva maneuver

Front 70

-- Anterior weight-bearing structure in the spine made of cancellous bone and surrounded by a layer of hard, compact bone that provides support and stability.

Back 70

vertebral body

Front 71

-- A type of injury typically resulting from a direct blow to the crown of the skull or rapid deceleration from a fall through the feet, legs, and pelvis, possibly causing a burst fracture or disk herniation.

Back 71

vertical compression

Front 72

-- Contraction of the fingers and, sometimes, the wrist, with loss of muscular power, that sets in rapidly after severe injury around the elbow joint.

Back 72

Volkmann ischemic contracture

Front 73

-- A syndrome characterized by short P-R intervals, delta waves, nonspecific ST-T wave changes, and paroxysmal episodes of tachycardia caused by the presence of an accessory pathway.

Back 73

Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome

Front 74

-- An inferior segment of the sternum often used as a landmark for CPR.

Back 74

xyphoid process

Front 75

-- The amount of blood that the left ventricle ejects into the aorta per contraction.

Back 75

stroke volume

Front 76

The double-layered sac containing
the heart and the origins of the superior
vena cava, inferior vena cava, and
pulmonary artery.

Back 76

pericardium

Front 77

Bruising under or
around the orbits that is commonly seen following
a basilar skull fracture; also called
raccoon eyes.

Back 77

periorbital ecchymosis

Front 78

A membrane in the abdomen
encasing the liver, spleen, diaphragm, stomach,
and transverse colon

Back 78

peritoneum

Front 79

Inflammation of the peritoneum
(the lining around the abdominal cavity) that
results from either blood or hollow organ
contents spilling into the abdominal cavity.

Back 79

peritonitis

Front 80

Pertaining to the area around
the umbilicus (the navel).

Back 80

periumbilical

Front 81

The withdrawal of blood from
a vein.

Back 81

phlebotomy

Front 82

Membrane lining the outer surface of
the lungs (visceral pleura), the inner surface
of the chest wall, and the thoracic surface of
the diaphragm (parietal pleura).

Back 82

pleura

Front 83

The palpable
beat of the apex of the heart against the
chest wall during ventricular contraction;
normally palpated in the fifth left intercostal
space in the midclavicular line.

Back 83

point of maximal impulse (PMI)

Front 84

An overabundance or production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, which makes the blood thick.

Back 84

polycythemia

Front 85

A condition associated
with extension injuries with isolated injury to the dorsal column; presents as
decreased sensation to light touch, proprioception,
and vibration while leaving most other motor and sensory functions intact.

Back 85

posterior cord syndrome

Front 86

The period between the beginning
of the P wave (atrial depolarization) and
the onset of the QRS complex (ventricular
depolarization), signifying the time required
for atrial depolarization and passage of the excitation impulse through the atrioventricular
junction.

Back 86

P-R interval

Front 87

An injury to the brain
and its associated structures that is a direct
result of impact to the head.

Back 87

primary brain injury

Front 88

Congestion of the pulmonary
air spaces with exudate and foam, often secondary to left heart failure.

Back 88

pulmonary edema

Front 89

drop in the systolic BP of
10 mm Hg or more; commonly seen in patients with pericardial tamponade or severe asthma

Back 89

pulsus paradoxus

Front 90

A circumferential muscle at the end
of the stomach that acts as a valve between
the stomach and duodenum.

Back 90

pylorus

Front 91

A short period immediately
after depolarization in which the myocytes are not yet repolarized and are unable to fire or conduct an impulse.

Back 91

refractory period

Front 92

That period in the cell-firing cycle at which it is possible but difficult to restimulate the cell to fire another impulse.

Back 92

relative refractory period

Front 93

Loss of memory relating to events that occurred before the injury

Back 93

retrograde amnesia

Front 94

An inflammatory
disorder that affects the entire body and leads to degeneration and deformation
of joints

Back 94

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Front 95

A type of injury typically
resulting from high acceleration forces; can result in a stable unilateral facet dislocation
in the cervical spine.

Back 95

rotation-flexion injury

Front 96

Injury to the spinal cord, thought to be the result of multiple factors that result in a progression of inflammatory responses from primary spinal cord injury.

Back 96

secondary spinal cord injury

Front 97

The dorsal deformity of the forearm that results from a Colles fracture.

Back 97

silver fork deformity

Front 98

The part of the central nervous system that extends downward from the brain through the foramen magnum and is protected by the spine.

Back 98

spinal cord

Front 99

The temporary local neurologic
condition that occurs immediately after
spinal trauma; swelling and edema of the
spinal cord begin immediately after injury,
with severe pain and potential paralysis.

Back 99

spinal shock

Front 100

Process in which tissue is forced out of its normal position, such as when the brain is forced from the cranial vault, either through the foramen magnum or over the tentorium.

Back 100

Herniation

Front 101

A broken bone in which the end of one bone becomes wedged into another bone, as could be the case in a fall from a significant height.

Back 101

impacted fracture

Front 102

Spinal cord injury in which there is some degree of cord-mediated function; initial dysfunction may be temporary and there may be potential for recovery.

Back 102

incomplete spinal cord injury

Front 103

Bleeding within the brain tissue (parenchyma) itself; also referred to as an intraparenchymal hematoma.

Back 103

intracerebral hematoma

Front 104

The baseline of the ECG

Back 104

isoelectric line

Front 105

Left shoulder pain that may indicate a ruptured spleen.

Back 105

Kehr's Sign

Front 106

Deep, gasping respirations; common in diabetic coma (ketoacidosis).

Back 106

Kussmaul respirations

Front 107

Maxillary fractures that are classified into three categories based on their anatomic location.

Back 107

Le Fort fractures

Front 108

The average (or mean) pressure against the arterial wall during a cardiac cycle.

Back 108

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Front 109

A membranous double fold of tissue in the abdomen that attaches various organs to the body wall.

Back 109

mesentery

Front 110

Having one common shape of QRS complex

Back 110

monomorphic

Front 111

Regions of the body innervated by the motor components of spinal nerves

Back 111

myotomes

Front 112

the subulaxation of the radial head that often results from pulling on an outstretched arm

Back 112

nursemaids elbow

Front 113

A fracture that travels diagonally from one side of the bone to the other

Back 113

oblique fracture

Front 114

A life-threatening fracture of the pelvis caused by a force that displaces one or both sides of the pelvis laterally and posteriorly.

Back 114

open book pelvic fracture

Front 115

The result of a defect in the chest wall that allows air to enter the thoracic space.

Back 115

open pneumothorax

Front 116

A condition characterized by decreased bone density and increased susceptibility to fractures.

Back 116

osteoporosis

Front 117

The specialized tissue within the heart that initiates excitation impulses; an electronic device used to stimulate cardiac contraction when the electric conduction system of the heart is malfunctioning, especially in complete heart block. An electronic pacemaker consists of a battery-powered pulse generator and a wire that transmits the electric impulse to the ventricles

Back 117

pacemaker

Front 118

Severe shortness of breath occurring at night after several hours of recumbency, during which fluid pools in the lungs; the person is forced to sit up to breathe. PND is caused by left heart failure or decompensation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Back 118

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

Front 119

A fracture that occurs when normal forces are applied to abnormal bone structures.

Back 119

pathologic fracture

Front 120

Injury caused by objects that pierce the surface of the body, such as knives and bullets, and damage internal tissues and organs.

Back 120

penetrating trauma

Front 121

The potential space between the layers of the pericardium.

Back 121

pericardial sac

Front 122

Impairment of diastolic filling of the right ventricle due to significant amounts of fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, leading to a decrease in the cardiac output.

Back 122

pericardial tamponade

Front 123

A procedure in which a needle or angiocath is introduced into the pericardial sac to relieve cardiac tamponade.

Back 123

pericardiocentesis

Front 124

-- An injury in which there is a break in the surface of the skin or mucous membrane, exposing deeper tissue to potential contamination.

Back 124

open abdominal injury

Front 125

-- The area in the abdomen containing the aorta, vena cava, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and portions of the duodenum and large intestine.

Back 125

retroperitoneal space

Front 126

-- Minimum cerebral perfusion pressure required to adequately perfuse the brain; 60 mm Hg in the adult.

Back 126

critical minimum threshold

Front 127

-- Common disease of childhood characterized by spasm of the larynx and resulting upper airway obstruction.

Back 127

croup

Front 128

-- Hypertension (with a widening pulse pressure), bradycardia, and irregular respirations; classic trio of findings associated with increased ICP.

Back 128

Cushing’s triad

Front 129

-- Abnormal posture characterized by extension of the arms and legs; indicates pressure on the brain stem.

Back 129

decerebrate (extensor) posturing

Front 130

-- Abnormal posture characterized by flexion of the arms and extension of the legs; indicates pressure on the brain stem.

Back 130

decorticate (flexor) posturing

Front 131

-- The formation of a blood clot within the larger veins of an extremity, typically following a period of prolonged immobilization.

Back 131

deep vein thrombosis (DVT

Front 132

-- The principal mass of the tooth, which is made up of a material that is much more dense and stronger than bone.

Back 132

dentin

Front 133

-- Distinct areas of skin that correspond to specific spinal or cranial nerve levels where sensory nerves enter the CNS.

Back 133

dermatomes

Front 134

-- The major muscle of breathing. It is the anatomic point of separation between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity.

Back 134

diaphragm

Front 135

-- Any injury that affects the entire brain.

Back 135

diffuse brain injury

Front 136

-- An injury that results from a force that tries to increase the length of a body part or separate one body part from another.

Back 136

distraction injury

Front 137

-- The effect on the velocity of conduction.

Back 137

dromotropic effect

Front 138

-- The first part of the small intestine.

Back 138

duodenum

Front 139

-- An ECG pattern in which the QRS vector changes with each heart beat. This pattern is pathognomonic for cardiac tamponade.

Back 139

electrical alternans

Front 140

-- Infiltration of any tissue by air or gas; a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by distention of the alveoli and destructive changes in the lung parenchyma.

Back 140

emphysema

Front 141

-- Displacement of an organ outside the body.

Back 141

evisceration

Front 142

-- Protrusion of the eyes from the normal position within the socket.

Back 142

exopthalmos

Front 143

-- Fractures that result from multiple compressive loads.

Back 143

fatigue fractures

Front 144

-- A partial disruption of the conduction of the depolarizing impulse from the atria to the ventricles, causing prolongation of the P-R interval.

Back 144

first-degree heart block

Front 145

-- An injury that involves two or more adjacent ribs fractured in two or more places, allowing the segment between the fractures to move independently of the rest of the thoracic cage.

Back 145

flail chest

Front 146

-- A type of fracture occurring most frequently in children in which there is incomplete breakage of the bone.

Back 146

greenstick fracture

Front 147

-- A rare condition that begins as weakness and tingling sensations in the legs and moves to the arms and thorax; it can lead to paralysis within 2 weeks.

Back 147

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Front 148

-- Blood in the peritoneal cavity.

Back 148

hemoperitoneum

Front 149

-- A collection of blood and air in the pleural cavity.

Back 149

hemopneumothorax

Front 150

-- The nervous system mechanism that terminates inhalation and prevents lung overexpansion.

Back 150

Hering-Breuer reflex